Tamper-resistant dosage form with immediate release and resistance against solvent extraction

ABSTRACT

A tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprising a multitude of particles which comprise a pharmacologically active compound, a polyalkylene oxide, and a disintegrant; wherein the pharmacologically active compound is dispersed in a matrix comprising the polyalkylene oxide and the disintegrant; wherein the content of the disintegrant is more than 5.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of the particles; wherein the content of the polyalkylene oxide is at least 25 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of the particles; and wherein the dosage form provides under in vitro conditions immediate release of the pharmacologically active compound in accordance with Ph. Eur.

This application is continuation of U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser.No. 16/116,282, filed Aug. 29, 2018, now pending, which is, in turn, isa division of U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. 15/823,918, filedNov. 28, 2017, now abandoned, which is, in turn, a division of U.S.Nonprovisional application Ser. No. 15/169,778, filed Jun. 1, 2016, nowU.S. Pat. No. 9,855,263, which is, in turn a continuation of U.S.Nonprovisional application Ser. No. 15/135,649, filed Apr. 22, 2016,abandoned, which, in turn, claims priority of European PatentApplication No. 15 165 064.5, filed on Apr. 24, 2015, the entirecontents of which patent applications are incorporated herein byreference.

The invention relates to a tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage formcomprising a multitude of particles which comprise a pharmacologicallyactive compound, a polyalkylene oxide, and a disintegrant; wherein thepharmacologically active compound is dispersed in a matrix comprisingthe polyalkylene oxide and the disintegrant; wherein the content of thedisintegrant is more than 5.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of thepharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of theparticles; wherein the content of the polyalkylene oxide is at least 25wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage formand/or based on the total weight of the particles; and wherein thedosage form provides under in vitro conditions immediate release of thepharmacologically active compound in accordance with Ph. Eur.

A large number of pharmacologically active substances have a potentialfor being abused or misused, i.e. they can be used to produce effectswhich are not consistent with their intended use. Thus, e.g. opioidswhich exhibit an excellent efficacy in controlling severe to extremelysevere pain, are frequently abused to induce euphoric states similar tobeing intoxicated. In particular, active substances which have apsychotropic effect are abused accordingly.

To enable abuse, the corresponding dosage forms, such as tablets orcapsules are crushed, for example ground by the abuser, the activesubstance is extracted from the thus obtained powder using a preferablyaqueous liquid and after being optionally filtered through cotton woolor cellulose wadding, the resultant solution is administeredparenterally, in particular intravenously. This type of dosage resultsin an even faster diffusion of the active substance compared to the oralabuse, with the result desired by the abuser, namely the kick. This kickor these intoxication-like, euphoric states are also reached if thepowdered dosage form is administered nasally, i.e. is sniffed.

Various concepts for the avoidance of drug abuse have been developed.

It has been proposed to incorporate in dosage forms aversive agentsand/or antagonists in a manner so that they only produce their aversiveand/or antagonizing effects when the dosage forms are tampered with.However, the presence of such aversive agents is principally notdesirable and there is a need to provide sufficient tamper-resistancewithout relying on aversive agents and/or antagonists.

Another concept to prevent abuse relies on the mechanical properties ofthe pharmaceutical dosage forms, particularly an increased breakingstrength (resistance to crushing). The major advantage of suchpharmaceutical dosage forms is that comminuting, particularlypulverization, by conventional means, such as grinding in a mortar orfracturing by means of a hammer, is impossible or at least substantiallyimpeded. Thus, the pulverization, necessary for abuse, of the dosageforms by the means usually available to a potential abuser is preventedor at least complicated.

Such pharmaceutical dosage forms are useful for avoiding drug abuse ofthe pharmacologically active compound contained therein, as they may notbe powdered by conventional means and thus, cannot be administered inpowdered form, e.g. nasally. The mechanical properties, particularly thehigh breaking strength of these pharmaceutical dosage forms renders themtamper-resistant. In the context of such tamper-resistant pharmaceuticaldosage forms it can be referred to, e.g., WO 2005/016313, WO2005/016314, WO 2005/063214, WO 2005/102286, WO 2006/002883, WO2006/002884, WO 2006/002886, WO 2006/082097, WO 2006/082099, andWO2009/092601.

These dosage forms secured against abuse are distinguished by acontrolled, preferably retarded release of the active substance whichhas abuse potential. However, a rapid release of the active substance isnecessary for numerous therapeutic applications, for example pain reliefusing active substances with abuse potential.

WO 2008/033523 discloses a pharmaceutical composition that may include agranulate which may at least include one active pharmaceuticalingredient susceptible to abuse. The particle contains both an alcoholsoluble and alcohol insoluble and at least partially water solublematerial. Both materials are granulated in the presence of alcohol andwater. The granulate may also include a coating on the granulateexhibiting crush resistance. Material deposition on the granule isperformed using an alcohol based solvent.

WO 2008/107149 (US 2009/004267) discloses multiparticulate dosage formswith impeded abuse containing, one or more active substances havingabuse potential, at least one synthetic or natural polymer, and at leastone disintegrant, with the individual particles of the pharmaceuticaldosage form having a breaking strength of at least 500 N and a releaseof the active substance of at least 75% after 45 minutes. Theexemplified capsules provide rapid release of the pharmacologicallyactive compound. The disintegrant is preferably not contained in theparticulates. When it is contained in the particulates, its content israther low. The reference does not contain any information that besidesits disintegrating effect a disintegrant may have any beneficial effectwith respect to tamper resistance such as resistance against solventextraction.

WO 2010/140007 discloses dosage forms comprising melt-extruded particlescomprising a drug, wherein said melt-extruded particles are present as adiscontinuous phase in a matrix. The dosage forms provide prolongedrelease of the drug.

WO 2013/017242 and WO 2013/017234 disclose a tamper-resistant tabletcomprising a matrix material in an amount of more than one third of thetotal weight of the tablet; and a plurality of particulates in an amountof less than two thirds of the total weight of the tablet; wherein saidparticulates comprise a pharmacologically active compound and apolyalkylene oxide; and form a discontinuous phase within the matrixmaterial. The matrix material may comprise a disintegrant. The referencedoes not contain any information that besides its disintegrating effecta disintegrant may have any beneficial effect with respect to tamperresistance such as resistance against solvent extraction.

WO2014/190440 relates to an immediate release orally administrableabuse-deterrent pharmaceutical formulation comprising: at least onepharmaceutically active ingredient susceptible to abuse; at least onegelling polymeric compound selected from the group consisting of:polysaccharides, sugars, sugar derived alcohols, starches, starchderivatives, cellulose derivatives, Carrageenan, pectin, sodiumalginate, gellan gum, xanthan gum, poloxamer, carbopol, polyox,povidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hypermellose, and combinationsthereof; at least one disintegrant and optionally at least onesurfactant, wherein said formulation exhibit properties related todeterring the abuse, via injection or nasal inhalation when beingtampered and exposed to aqueous, alcoholic, acidic and basic media.

US 2010/0092553 discloses solid multiparticle oral pharmaceutical formswhose composition and structure make it possible to avoid misuse. Themicroparticles have an extremely thick coating layer which assures themodified release of the drug and simultaneously imparts crushingresistance to the coated microparticles so as to avoid misuse.

The properties of these tamper-resistant dosage forms, however, are notsatisfactory in every respect. There is a need for tamper-resistantdosage forms that possess crush resistance and release thepharmacologically active compound as quick as possible (immediaterelease), i.e. should show a gradual increase reaching 85% to 100% at 30to 45 minutes or earlier. When trying to tamper the dosage form in orderto prepare a formulation suitable for abuse by intravenousadministration, the liquid part of the formulation that can be separatedfrom the remainder by means of a syringe should be as less as possible,e.g. should contain not more than 10 wt.-% of the pharmacologicallyactive compound originally contained in the dosage form.

It is an object according to the invention to provide tamper-resistantpharmaceutical dosage forms that provide rapid release of thepharmacologically active compound and that have advantages compared tothe tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms of the prior art.

This object has been achieved by the patent claims.

The invention relates to a tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form,preferably for oral administration, comprising a multitude of particleswhich comprise a pharmacologically active compound, a polyalkyleneoxide, and a disintegrant; wherein the pharmacologically active compoundis dispersed in a matrix comprising the polyalkylene oxide and thedisintegrant; wherein the content of the disintegrant is more than 5.0wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage formand/or based on the total weight of the particles; wherein the contentof the polyalkylene oxide is at least 25 wt.-%, based on the totalweight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the totalweight of the particles; and wherein the dosage form provides under invitro conditions immediate release of the pharmacologically activecompound in accordance with Ph. Eur.

It has been surprisingly found that tamper-resistant dosage forms can beprovided that on the one hand provide immediate release of thepharmacologically active compound and that on the other hand provideimproved tamper-resistance, particularly with respect to resistanceagainst solvent extraction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the behavior of the particles contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention when beingsubjected to a breaking strength test, in particular theirdeformability.

FIG. 2 illustrates the behavior of conventional particles when beingsubjected to a breaking strength test.

FIG. 3 provides in vitro dissolution data of tablets containing pellets.

FIG. 4 provides in vitro dissolution data of capsules containingpellets.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical dosage form” refers to apharmaceutical entity comprising a pharmacologically active compound andwhich is actually administered to, or taken by, a patient, preferablyorally.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage from according to the invention isa capsule or a tablet. The particles that are contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form and/or the pharmaceutical dosage form as suchmay be film-coated.

The pharmaceutical dosage form may be compressed or molded in itsmanufacture, and it may be of almost any size, shape, weight, and color.Most pharmaceutical dosage forms are intended to be swallowed as a wholeand accordingly, preferred pharmaceutical dosage forms according to theinvention are designed for oral administration. However, alternativelypharmaceutical dosage forms may be dissolved in the mouth, chewed, ordissolved or dispersed in liquid or meal before swallowing, and some maybe placed in a body cavity. Thus, the pharmaceutical dosage formaccording to the invention may alternatively be adapted for buccal,lingual, rectal or vaginal administration. Implants are also possible.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according tothe invention preferably can be regarded as a MUPS formulation (multipleunit pellet system). In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceuticaldosage form according to the invention is monolithic. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention is not monolithic. In this regard, monolithic preferably meansthat the pharmaceutical dosage form is formed or composed of materialwithout joints or seams or consists of or constitutes a single unit.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according tothe invention contains all ingredients in a dense compact unit which incomparison to capsules has a comparatively high density. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention contains all ingredients in a capsule which in comparison todense compact unit has a comparatively low density.

An advantage of the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to theinvention is that the same particles may be mixed with excipients indifferent amounts to thereby produce pharmaceutical dosage forms ofdifferent strengths. Another advantage of the pharmaceutical dosageforms according to the invention is that the different particles may bemixed with one another to thereby produce pharmaceutical dosage forms ofdifferent properties, e.g. different release rates, differentpharmacologically active ingredients, and the like.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention has preferablya total weight in the range of 0.01 to 1.5 g, more preferably in therange of 0.05 to 1.2 g, still more preferably in the range of 0.1 g to1.0 g, yet more preferably in the range of 0.2 g to 0.9 g, and mostpreferably in the range of 0.3 g to 0.8 g. In a preferred embodiment,the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form is within the rangeof 500±450 mg, more preferably 500±300 mg, still more preferably 500±200mg, yet more preferably 500±150 mg, most preferably 500±100 mg, and inparticular 500±50 mg. In another preferred embodiment, the total weightof the pharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 600±450 mg,more preferably 600±300 mg, still more preferably 600±200 mg, yet morepreferably 600±150 mg, most preferably 600±100 mg, and in particular600±50 mg. In still another preferred embodiment, the total weight ofthe pharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 700±450 mg, morepreferably 700±300 mg, still more preferably 700±200 mg, yet morepreferably 700±150 mg, most preferably 700±100 mg, and in particular700±50 mg. In yet another preferred embodiment, the total weight of thepharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 800±450 mg, morepreferably 800±300 mg, still more preferably 800±200 mg, yet morepreferably 800±150 mg, most preferably 800±100 mg, and in particular800±50 mg.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according tothe invention is a round pharmaceutical dosage form, preferably having adiameter of e.g. 11 mm or 13 mm. Pharmaceutical dosage forms of thisembodiment preferably have a diameter in the range of 1 mm to 30 mm, inparticular in the range of 2 mm to 25 mm, more in particular 5 mm to 23mm, even more in particular 7 mm to 13 mm; and a thickness in the rangeof 1.0 mm to 12 mm, in particular in the range of 2.0 mm to 10 mm, evenmore in particular from 3.0 mm to 9.0 mm, even further in particularfrom 4.0 mm to 8.0 mm.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage formaccording to the invention is an oblong pharmaceutical dosage form,preferably having a length of e.g. 17 mm and a width of e.g. 7 mm. Inpreferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention has a length of e.g. 22 mm and a width of e.g. 7 mm; or alength of 23 mm and a width of 7 mm; whereas these embodiments areparticularly preferred for capsules. Pharmaceutical dosage forms of thisembodiment preferably have a lengthwise extension (longitudinalextension) of 1 mm to 30 mm, in particular in the range of 2 mm to 25mm, more in particular 5 mm to 23 mm, even more in particular 7 mm to 20mm; a width in the range of 1 mm to 30 mm, in particular in the range of2 mm to 25 mm, more in particular 5 mm to 23 mm, even more in particular7 mm to 13 mm; and a thickness in the range of 1.0 mm to 12 mm, inparticular in the range of 2.0 mm to 10 mm, even more in particular from3.0 mm to 9.0 mm, even further in particular from 4.0 mm to 8.0 mm.

The pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention canoptionally be provided, partially or completely, with a conventionalcoating. The pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention arepreferably film coated with conventional film coating compositions.Suitable coating materials are commercially available, e.g. under thetrademarks Opadry® and Eudragit®.

Examples of suitable materials include cellulose esters and celluloseethers, such as methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose(HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC),sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), poly(meth)acrylates, such asaminoalkylmethacrylate copolymers, methacrylic acid methylmethacrylatecopolymers, methacrylic acid methylmethacrylate copolymers; vinylpolymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol,polyvinylacetate; and natural film formers.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the coating is water-soluble. Ina preferred embodiment, the coating is based on polyvinyl alcohol, suchas polyvinyl alcohol-partially hydrolyzed, and may additionally containpolyethylene glycol, such as macrogol 3350, and/or pigments. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the coating is based onhydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, preferably hypromellose type 2910 havinga viscosity of 3 to 15 mPas.

The coating can be resistant to gastric juices and dissolve as afunction of the pH value of the release environment. By means of thiscoating, it is possible to ensure that the pharmaceutical dosage formaccording to the invention passes through the stomach undissolved andthe active compound is only released in the intestines. The coatingwhich is resistant to gastric juices preferably dissolves at a pH valueof between 5 and 7.5.

The coating can also be applied e.g. to improve the aesthetic impressionand/or the taste of the pharmaceutical dosage forms and the ease withwhich they can be swallowed. Coating the pharmaceutical dosage formsaccording to the invention can also serve other purposes, e.g. improvingstability and shelf-life. Suitable coating formulations comprise a filmforming polymer such as, for example, polyvinyl alcohol or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, e.g. hypromellose, a plasticizer such as, for example,a glycol, e.g. propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, an opacifier,such as, for example, titanium dioxide, and a film smoothener, such as,for example, talc. Suitable coating solvents are water as well asorganic solvents. Examples of organic solvents are alcohols, e.g.ethanol or isopropanol, ketones, e.g. acetone, or halogenatedhydrocarbons, e.g. methylene chloride. Coated pharmaceutical dosageforms according to the invention are preferably prepared by first makingthe cores and subsequently coating said cores using conventionaltechniques, such as coating in a coating pan.

The subjects to which the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to theinvention can be administered are not particularly limited. Preferably,the subjects are animals, more preferably human beings.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains aplurality of particles. The particles comprise a pharmacologicallyactive compound, a polyalkylene oxide and a disintegrant. Preferably,the pharmacologically active compound is dispersed in the polyalkyleneoxide and the disintegrant.

For the purpose of the specification, the term “particle” refers to adiscrete mass of material that is solid, e.g. at 20° C. or at roomtemperature or ambient temperature. Preferably a particle is solid at20° C. Preferably, the particles are monoliths. Preferably, thepharmacologically active compound and the polyalkylene oxide areintimately homogeneously distributed in the particles so that theparticles do not contain any segments where either pharmacologicallyactive compound is present in the absence of polyalkylene oxide or wherepolyalkylene oxide is present in the absence of pharmacologically activecompound.

When the particles are film coated, the polyalkylene oxide is preferablyhomogeneously distributed in the core of the pharmaceutical dosage form,i.e. the film coating preferably does not contain polyalkylene oxide,but optionally polyalkylene glycol that differs from polyalkylene oxidein its lower molecular weight. Nonetheless, the film coating as such mayof course contain one or more polymers, which however, preferably differfrom the polyalkylene oxide contained in the core.

The particles are of macroscopic size, typically the average diameter iswithin the range of from 100 μm to 1500 μm, preferably 200 μm to 1500μm, more preferably 300 μm to 1500 μm, still more preferably 400 μm to1500 μm, most preferably 500 μm to 1500 μm, and in particular 600 μm to1500 μm.

Preferably, the content of the particles in the pharmaceutical dosageforms according to the invention is at most 65 wt.-%, more preferably atmost 60 wt.-%, still more preferably at most 55 wt.-%, yet morepreferably at most 50 wt.-%, most preferably at most 45 wt.-% and inparticular at most 40 wt.-%, based on the total weight of thepharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the content of the particles in the pharmaceutical dosageforms according to the invention is at least 2.5 wt.-%, at least 3.0wt.-%, at least 3.5 wt.-% or at least 4.0 wt.-%; more preferably atleast 4.5 wt.-%, at least 5.0 wt.-%, at least 5.5 wt.-% or at least 6.0wt.-%; most preferably at least 6.5 wt.-%, at least 7.0 wt.-%, at least7.5 wt.-% or at least 8.0 wt.-%; and in particular at least 8.5 wt.-%,at least 9.0 wt.-%, at least 9.5 wt.-% or at least 10 wt.-%; based onthe total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the particles in thepharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention is within therange of 10±7.5 wt.-%, more preferably 10±5.0 wt.-%, still morepreferably 10±4.0 wt.-%, yet more preferably 10±3.0 wt.-%, mostpreferably 10±2.0 wt.-%, and in particular 10±1.0 wt.-%, based on thetotal weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form. In another preferredembodiment, the content of the particles in the pharmaceutical dosageforms according to the invention is within the range of 15±12.5 wt.-%,more preferably 15±10 wt.-%, still more preferably 15±8.0 wt.-%, yetmore preferably 15±6.0 wt.-%, most preferably 15±4.0 wt.-%, and inparticular 15±2.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceuticaldosage form. In still another preferred embodiment, the content of theparticles in the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the inventionis within the range of 20±17.5 wt.-%, more preferably 20±15 wt.-%, stillmore preferably 20±12.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 20±10 wt.-%, mostpreferably 20±7.5 wt.-%, and in particular 20±5 wt.-%, based on thetotal weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form. In yet another preferredembodiment, the content of the particles in the pharmaceutical dosageforms according to the invention is within the range of 25±17.5 wt.-%,more preferably 25±15 wt.-%, still more preferably 25±12.5 wt.-%, yetmore preferably 25±10 wt.-%, most preferably 25±7.5 wt.-%, and inparticular 25±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceuticaldosage form. In another preferred embodiment, the content of theparticles in the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the inventionis within the range of 30±17.5 wt.-%, more preferably 30±15 wt.-%, stillmore preferably 30±12.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 30±10 wt.-%, mostpreferably 30±7.5 wt.-%, and in particular 30±5 wt.-%, based on thetotal weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form. In still anotherpreferred embodiment, the content of the particles in the pharmaceuticaldosage forms according to the invention is within the range of 35±17.5wt.-%, more preferably 35±15 wt.-%, still more preferably 35±12.5 wt.-%,yet more preferably 35±10 wt.-%, most preferably 35±7.5 wt.-%, and inparticular 35±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceuticaldosage form.

The shape of the particles is not particularly limited. As the particlesare preferably manufactured by hot-melt extrusion, preferred particlespresent in the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the inventionare generally cylindrical in shape. The diameter of such particles istherefore the diameter of their circular cross section. The cylindricalshape is caused by the extrusion process according to which the diameterof the circular cross section is a function of the extrusion die and thelength of the cylinders is a function of the cutting length according towhich the extruded strand of material is cut into pieces of preferablymore or less predetermined length.

The suitability of cylindrical, i.e. a spherical particles for themanufacture of the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to theinvention is unexpected. Typically, the aspect ratio is regarded as animportant measure of the spherical shape. The aspect ratio is defined asthe ratio of the maximal diameter (d_(max)) and its orthogonalFeret-diameter. For aspherical particles, the aspect ratio has valuesabove 1. The smaller the value the more spherical is the particle.Aspect ratios below 1.1 are typically considered satisfactory, aspectratios above 1.2, however, are typically considered not suitable for themanufacture of conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms. The inventorshave surprisingly found that when manufacturing the pharmaceuticaldosage forms according to the invention, even particles having aspectratios above 1.2 can be processed without difficulties and that it isnot necessary to provide spherical particles. In a preferred embodiment,the aspect ratio of the particles is at most 1.40, more preferably atmost 1.35, still more preferably at most 1.30, yet more preferably atmost 1.25, even more preferably at most 1.20, most preferably at most1.15 and in particular at most 1.10. In another preferred embodiment,the aspect ratio of the particles is at least 1.10, more preferably atleast 1.15, still more preferably at least 1.20, yet more preferably atleast 1.25, even more preferably at least 1.30, most preferably at least1.35 and in particular at least 1.40.

The particles in the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to theinvention are of macroscopic size, i.e. typically have an averageparticle size of at least 50 μm, more preferably at least 100 μm, stillmore preferably at least 150 μm or at least 200 μm, yet more preferablyat least 250 μm or at least 300 μm, most preferably at least 400 μm orat least 500 μm, and in particular at least 550 μm or at least 600 μm.

Preferred particles have an average length and average diameter of 1000μm or less. When the particles are manufactured by extrusion technology,the “length” of particles is the dimension of the particles that isparallel to the direction of extrusion. The “diameter” of particles isthe largest dimension that is perpendicular to the direction ofextrusion.

Particularly preferred particles have an average diameter of less than1000 μm, more preferably less than 800 μm, still more preferably of lessthan 650 μm. Especially preferred particles have an average diameter ofless than 700 particularly less than 600 μm, still more particularlyless than 500 μm, e.g. less than 400 μm. Particularly preferredparticles have an average diameter in the range 200 to 1000 μm, morepreferably 400 to 800 μm, still more preferably 450 to 700 μm, yet morepreferably 500 to 650 μm, e.g. 500 to 600 μm. Further preferredparticles have an average diameter of between 300 μm and 400 of between400 μm and 500 μm, or of between 500 μm and 600 or of between 600 μm and700 μm or of between 700 μm and 800 μm.

Preferred particles that are present in the pharmaceutical dosage formsaccording to the invention have an average length of less than 1000 μm,preferably an average length of less than 800 μm, still more preferablyan average length of less than 650 μm, e.g. a length of 800 μm, 700 μm600 μm, 500 μm, 400 μm or 300 μm. Especially preferred particles have anaverage length of less than 700 μm, particularly less than 650 μm, stillmore particularly less than 550 μm, e.g. less than 450 μm. Particularlypreferred particles therefore have an average length in the range200-1000 μm, more preferably 400-800 μm, still more preferably 450-700μm, yet more preferably 500-650 μm, e.g. 500-600 μm. The minimum averagelength of the microparticles is determined by the cutting step and maybe, e.g. 500 μm, 400 μm, 300 μm or 200 μm.

In a preferred embodiment, the particles have (i) an average diameter of1000±300 μm, more preferably 1000±250 μm, still more preferably 1000±200μm, yet more preferably 1000±150 μm, most preferably 1000±100 μm, and inparticular 1000±50 μm; and/or (ii) an average length of 1000±300 μm,more preferably 1000±250 μm, still more preferably 1000±200 μm, yet morepreferably 1000±150 μm, most preferably 1000±100 μm, and in particular1000±50 μm.

The size of particles may be determined by any conventional procedureknown in the art, e.g. laser light scattering, sieve analysis, lightmicroscopy or image analysis.

Preferably, the plurality of particles that is contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention has an arithmeticaverage weight, in the following referred to as “aaw”, wherein at least70%, more preferably at least 75%, still more preferably at least 80%,yet more preferably at least 85%, most preferably at least 90% and inparticular at least 95% of the individual particles contained in saidplurality of particles has an individual weight within the range ofaaw±30%, more preferably aaw±25%, still more preferably aaw±20%, yetmore preferably aaw±15%, most preferably aaw±10%, and in particularaaw±5%. For example, if the pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention contains a plurality of 100 particles and aaw of saidplurality of particles is 1.00 mg, at least 75 individual particles(i.e. 75%) have an individual weight within the range of from 0.70 to1.30 mg (1.00 mg±30%).

In a preferred embodiment, the particles are not film coated.

In another preferred embodiment, the particles are film coated. It hasbeen surprisingly found that when the particles are film coated, thedisintegration time and/or the drug release from the pharmaceuticaldosage forms can be further accelerated, which is particularlysignificant for pharmaceutical dosage forms with immediate drug release.

The particles according to the invention can optionally be provided,partially or completely, with a conventional coating. The particlesaccording to the invention are preferably film coated with conventionalfilm coating compositions. Suitable coating materials are commerciallyavailable, e.g. under the trademarks Opadry® and Eudragit®.

When the particles are film coated, the content of the dried filmcoating is preferably at most 5 wt.-%, more preferably at most 4 wt.-%,still more preferably at most 3.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably at most 3wt.-%, most preferably at most 2.5 wt.-%, and in particular at most 2wt.-%, based on the total weight of the particles. In a particularlypreferred embodiment, the weight increase based on the total weight ofthe pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of theparticles (uncoated starting material) is within the range of from 3.0to 4.7 wt.-%, more preferably 3.1 to 4.6 wt.-%, still more preferably3.2 to 4.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 3.3 to 4.4 wt.-%, most preferably3.4 to 4.3 wt.-%, and in particular 3.5 to 4.2 wt.-%.

The tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention comprises a multitude of particles which comprise apharmacologically active compound. The particles contain at least apharmacologically active compound, a polyalkylene oxide and adisintegrant. Preferably, however, the particles contain additionalpharmaceutical excipients such as antioxidants and plasticizers.

The pharmacologically active compound is dispersed in a matrixcomprising the polyalkylene oxide and the disintegrant. In other words,the polyalkylene oxide and the disintegrant form a matrix in which thepharmacologically active compound is embedded.

The pharmacologically active compound is not particularly limited.Preferably, the pharmacologically active compound is an opioid.

In a preferred embodiment, the particles and the pharmaceutical dosageform, respectively, contain only a single pharmacologically activecompound. In another preferred embodiment, the particles and thepharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, contain a combination of twoor more pharmacologically active compounds.

Preferably, pharmacologically active compound is an active ingredientwith potential for being abused. Active ingredients with potential forbeing abused are known to the person skilled in the art and comprisee.g. tranquillizers, stimulants, barbiturates, narcotics, opioids oropioid derivatives.

Preferably, the pharmacologically active compound exhibits psychotropicaction.

Preferably, the pharmacologically active compound is selected from thegroup consisting of opiates, opioids, stimulants, tranquilizers, andother narcotics.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compound is anopioid. According to the ATC index, opioids are divided into naturalopium alkaloids, phenylpiperi-dine derivatives, diphenylpropylaminederivatives, benzomorphan derivatives, oripavine derivatives, morphinanderivatives and others.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compoundis a stimulant. Stimulants are psychoactive drugs that induce temporaryimprovements in either mental or physical functions or both. Examples ofthese kinds of effects may include enhanced wakefulness, locomotion, andalertness. Preferred stimulants are phenylethylamine derivatives.According to the ATC index, stimulants are contained in differentclasses and groups, e.g. psychoanaleptics, especially psychostimulants,agents used for ADHD and nootropics, particularly centrally actingsympathomimetics; and e.g. nasal preparations, especially nasaldecongestants for systemic use, particularly sympathomimetics.

The following opiates, opioids, stimulants, tranquillizers or othernarcotics are substances with a psychotropic action, i.e. have apotential of abuse, and hence are preferably contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form and the particles, respectively: alfentanil,allobarbital, allylprodine, alphaprodine, alprazolam, amfepramone,amphetamine, amphetaminil, amobarbital, anileridine, apocodeine,axomadol, barbital, bemidone, benzyl-morphine, bezitramide, bromazepam,brotizolam, buprenorphine, butobarbital, butorphanol, camazepam,carfentanil, cathine/D-norpseudoephedrine, cebranopadol,chlordiazepoxide, clobazam clofedanol, clonazepam, clonitazene,clorazepate, clotiazepam, cloxazolam, cocaine, codeine, cyclobarbital,cyclorphan, cyprenorphine, delorazepam, desomorphine, dex-amphetamine,dextromoramide, dextropropoxyphene, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone,diazepam, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dihydromorphone, dimenoxadol,dimephetamol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetylbutyrate, dipipanone,dronabinol, eptazocine, estazolam, ethoheptazine,ethylmethylthiambutene, ethyl loflazepate, ethylmorphine, etonitazene,etorphine, faxeladol, fencamfamine, fenethylline, fenpipramide,fenproporex, fentanyl, fludiazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam,halazepam, haloxazolam, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone,hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, hydroxymethyl-morphinan, ketazolam,ketobemidone, levacetylmethadol (LAAM), levomethadone, levorphanol,levophenacylmorphane, levoxemacin, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate,lofentanil, loprazolam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, mazindol, medazepam,mefenorex, meperidine, meprobamate, metapon, meptazinol, metazocine,methylmorphine, metamphetamine, metha-done, methaqualone,3-methylfentanyl, 4-methylfentanyl, methylphenidate,methylpheno-barbital, methyprylon, metopon, midazolam, modafinil,morphine, myrophine, nabilone, nalbuphene, nalorphine, narceine,nicomorphine, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, norlevorphanol,normethadone, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxazepam, oxazolam,oxycodone, oxymorphone, Papaver somniferum, papaveretum, pemoline,pentazocine, pentobarbital, pethidine, phenadoxone, phenomorphane,phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, pholcodeine, phenmetrazine,phenobarbital, phentermine, pinazepam, pipradrol, piritramide, prazepam,profadol, proheptazine, promedol, properidine, propoxyphene,pseudoephedrine, remifentanil, secbutabarbital, secobarbital,sufentanil, tapentadol, temazepam, tetrazepam, tilidine (cis and trans),tramadol, triazolam, vinylbital,N-(1-methyl-2-piperidinoethyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)propionamide,(1R,2R)-3-(3-dimethyl amino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl)phenol,(1R,2R,4S)-2-(dimethylamino)methyl-4-(p-fluorobenzyloxy)-1-(m-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol,(1R,2R)-3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-cyclohexyl)phenol, (1S,2S)-3-(3-dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl)phenol,(2R,3R)-1-dimethyl amino-3 (3-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-pentan-3-ol,(1RS,3RS,6RS)-6-dimethylaminomethyl-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexane-1,3-diol,preferably as racemate,3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)phenyl2-(4-isobutyl-phenyl)propionate,3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)phenyl2-(6-methoxy-naphthalen-2-yl)propionate,3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-phenyl2-(4-isobutyl-phenyl)propionate,3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-phenyl2-(6-methoxy-naphthalen-2-yl)propionate,(RR—SS)-2-acetoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-benzoic acid3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester,(RR—SS)-2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl-benzoic acid3-(2-dimethyl-aminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester,(RR—SS)-4-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester,(RR—SS)-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-benzoic acid3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester,(RR—SS)-2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoic acid3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester,(RR—SS)-2-hydroxy-5-nitro-benzoic acid3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester,(RR—SS)-2′,4′-difluoro-3-hydroxy-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester, andcorresponding stereoisomeric compounds, in each case the correspondingderivatives thereof, physiologically acceptable enantiomers,stereoisomers, diastereomers and racemates and the physiologicallyacceptable derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters or amides, and ineach case the physiologically acceptable compounds thereof, inparticular the acid or base addition salts thereof and solvates, e.g.hydrochlorides.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compound isselected from the group consisting of DPI-125, M6G (CE-04-410),ADL-5859, CR-665, NRP290 and sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compound is anopioid selected from the group consisting of oxycodone, hydrocodone,oxymorphone, hydromorphone, morphine, tramadol, tapentadol, cebranopadoland the physiologically acceptable salts thereof.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compoundis a stimulant selected from the group consisting of amphetamine,dex-amphetamine, dex-methylphenidate, atomoxetine, caffeine, ephedrine,phenylpropanolamine, phenylephrine, fencamphamin, fenozolone,fenetylline, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA),methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), prolintane, lisdexamfetamine,mephedrone, meth-amphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, nicotine,pemoline, phenylpropanolamine, propylhexedrine, dimethylamylamine, andpseudoephedrine.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically activecompound is methylphenidate.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologicallyactive compound is lisdexamfetamine.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologicallyactive compound is dex-methylphenidate.

The pharmacologically active compound may be present in form of aphysiologically acceptable salt, e.g. physiologically acceptable acidaddition salt.

Physiologically acceptable acid addition salts comprise the acidaddition salt forms which can conveniently be obtained by treating thebase form of the active ingredient with appropriate organic andinorganic acids. Active ingredients containing an acidic proton may beconverted into their non-toxic metal or amine addition salt forms bytreatment with appropriate organic and inorganic bases. The termaddition salt also comprises the hydrates and solvent addition formswhich the active ingredients are able to form. Examples of such formsare e.g. hydrates, alcoholates and the like.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compound isamphetamine aspartate monohydrate.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compoundis dextroamphetamine saccharate.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compoundis dextroamphetamine sulfate.

It has been surprisingly found that the content of the pharmacologicallyactive compound in the pharmaceutical dosage form and in the particles,respectively, can be optimized in order to provide the best compromisebetween tamper-resistance, disintegration time and drug release, drugload, processability (especially tablettability) and patient compliance.

The pharmacologically active compound is present in the pharmaceuticaldosage form in a therapeutically effective amount. The amount thatconstitutes a therapeutically effective amount varies according to theactive ingredients being used, the condition being treated, the severityof said condition, the patient being treated, and the frequency ofadministration.

The content of the pharmacologically active compound in thepharmaceutical dosage form is not limited. The dose of thepharmacologically active compound which is adapted for administrationpreferably is in the range of 0.1 mg to 500 mg, more preferably in therange of 1.0 mg to 400 mg, even more preferably in the range of 5.0 mgto 300 mg, and most preferably in the range of 10 mg to 250 mg. In apreferred embodiment, the total amount of the pharmacologically activecompound that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form is withinthe range of from 0.01 to 200 mg, more preferably 0.1 to 190 mg, stillmore preferably 1.0 to 180 mg, yet more preferably 1.5 to 160 mg, mostpreferably 2.0 to 100 mg and in particular 2.5 to 80 mg.

Preferably, the content of the pharmacologically active compound is atleast 0.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles.

Preferably, the content of the pharmacologically active compound iswithin the range of from 0.01 to 80 wt.-%, more preferably 0.1 to 50wt.-%, still more preferably 1 to 25 wt.-%, based on the total weight ofthe pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of theparticles.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of pharmacologically activecompound is within the range of from 0.50±0.45 wt.-%, or 0.75±0.70wt.-%, or 1.00±0.90 wt.-%, or 1.25±1.20 wt.-%, or 1.50±1.40 wt.-%, or1.75±1.70 wt.-%, or 2.00±1.90 wt.-%, or 2.25±2.20 wt.-%, or 2.50±2.40wt.-%; more preferably 0.50±0.40 wt.-%, or 0.75±0.60 wt.-%, or 1.00±0.80wt.-%, or 1.25±1.10 wt.-%, or 1.50±1.25 wt.-%, or 1.75±1.50 wt.-%, or2.00±1.75 wt.-%, or 2.25±2.00 wt.-%, or 2.50±2.25 wt.-%; still morepreferably 0.50±0.35 wt.-%, or 0.75±0.50 wt.-%, or 1.00±0.70 wt.-%, or1.25±1.00 wt.-%, or 1.50±1.15 wt.-%, or 1.75±1.30 wt.-%, or 2.00±1.50wt.-%, or 2.25±1.90 wt.-%, or 2.50±2.10 wt.-%; yet more preferably0.50±0.30 wt.-%, or 0.75±0.40 wt.-%, or 1.00±0.60 wt.-%, or 1.25±0.80wt.-%, or 1.50±1.00 wt.-%, or 1.75±1.10 wt.-%, or 2.00±1.40 wt.-%, or2.25±1.60 wt.-%, or 2.50±1.80 wt.-%; even more preferably 0.50±0.25wt.-%, or 0.75±0.30 wt.-%, or 1.00±0.50 wt.-%, or 1.25±0.60 wt.-%, or1.50±0.80 wt.-%, or 1.75±0.90 wt.-%, or 2.00±1.30 wt.-%, or 2.25±1.40wt.-%, or 2.50±1.50 wt.-%; most preferably 0.50±0.20 wt.-%, or 0.75±0.25wt.-%, or 1.00±0.40 wt.-%, or 1.25±0.50 wt.-%, or 1.50±0.60 wt.-%, or1.75±0.70 wt.-%, or 2.00±1.10 wt.-%, or 2.25±1.20 wt.-%, or 2.50±1.30wt.-%; and in particular 0.50±0.15 wt.-%, or 0.75±0.20 wt.-%, or1.00±0.30 wt.-%, or 1.25±0.40 wt.-%, or 1.50±0.50 wt.-%, or 1.75±0.60wt.-%, or 2.00±0.70 wt.-%, or 2.25±0.80 wt.-%, or 2.50±0.90 wt.-%; ineach case based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of pharmacologically activecompound is within the range of from 2.0±1.9 wt.-%, or 2.5±2.4 wt.-%, or3.0±2.9 wt.-%, or 3.5±3.4 wt.-%, or 4.0±3.9 wt.-%, or 4.5±4.4 wt.-%, or5.0±4.9 wt.-%, or 5.5±5.4 wt.-%, or 6.0±5.9 wt.-%; more preferably2.0±1.7 wt.-%, or 2.5±2.2 wt.-%, or 3.0±2.6 wt.-%, or 3.5±3.1 wt.-%, or4.0±3.5 wt.-%, or 4.5±4.0 wt.-%, or 5.0±4.4 wt.-%, or 5.5±4.9 wt.-%, or6.0±5.3 wt.-%; still more preferably 2.0±1.5 wt.-%, or 2.5±2.0 wt.-%, or3.0±2.3 wt.-%, or 3.5±2.8 wt.-%, or 4.0±3.1 wt.-%, or 4.5±3.6 wt.-%, or5.0±3.9 wt.-%, or 5.5±4.4 wt.-%, or 6.0±4.7 wt.-%; yet more preferably2.0±1.3 wt.-%, or 2.5±1.8 wt.-%, or 3.0±2.0 wt.-%, or 3.5±2.5 wt.-%, or4.0±2.7 wt.-%, or 4.5±3.2 wt.-%, or 5.0±3.4 wt.-%, or 5.5±3.9 wt.-%, or6.0±4.1 wt.-%; even more preferably 2.0±1.1 wt.-%, or 2.5±1.6 wt.-%, or3.0±1.7 wt.-%, or 3.5±2.2 wt.-%, or 4.0±2.4 wt.-%, or 4.5±2.8 wt.-%, or5.0±2.9 wt.-%, or 5.5±3.4 wt.-%, or 6.0±3.5 wt.-%; most preferably2.0±0.9 wt.-%, or 2.5±1.4 wt.-%, or 3.0±1.4 wt.-%, or 3.5±1.9 wt.-%, or4.0±2.1 wt.-%, or 4.5±2.4 wt.-%, or 5.0±2.4 wt.-%, or 5.5±2.9 wt.-%, or6.0±2.9 wt.-%; and in particular 2.0±0.7 wt.-%, or 2.5±1.2 wt.-%, or3.0±1.1 wt.-%, or 3.5±1.6 wt.-%, or 4.0±1.8 wt.-%, or 4.5±2.0 wt.-%, or5.0±1.9 wt.-%, or 5.5±2.4 wt.-%, or 6.0±2.3 wt.-%; in each case based onthe total weight of the particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of pharmacologically activecompound is within the range of from 10±6 wt.-%, more preferably 10±5wt.-%, still more preferably 10±4 wt.-%, most preferably 10±3 wt.-%, andin particular 10±2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of thepharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of theparticles. In another preferred embodiment, the content ofpharmacologically active compound is within the range of from 15±6wt.-%, more preferably 15±5 wt.-%, still more preferably 15±4 wt.-%,most preferably 15±3 wt.-%, and in particular 15±2 wt.-%, based on thetotal weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the totalweight of the particles. In a further preferred embodiment, the contentof pharmacologically active compound is within the range of from 20±6wt.-%, more preferably 20±5 wt.-%, still more preferably 20±4 wt.-%,most preferably 20±3 wt.-%, and in particular 20±2 wt.-%, based on thetotal weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the totalweight of the particles. In another preferred embodiment, the content ofpharmacologically active compound is within the range of from 25±6wt.-%, more preferably 25±5 wt.-%, still more preferably 25±4 wt.-%,most preferably 25±3 wt.-%, and in particular 25±2 wt.-%, based on thetotal weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the totalweight of the particles.

The skilled person may readily determine an appropriate amount ofpharmacologically active compound to include in a pharmaceutical dosageform. For instance, in the case of analgesics, the total amount ofpharmacologically active compound present in the pharmaceutical dosageform is that sufficient to provide analgesia. The total amount ofpharmacologically active compound administered to a patient in a dosewill vary depending on numerous factors including the nature of thepharmacologically active compound, the weight of the patient, theseverity of the pain, the nature of other therapeutic agents beingadministered etc.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compound iscontained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of 2.5±1 mg,5.0±2.5 mg, 7.5±5 mg, 10±5 mg, 20±5 mg, 30±5 mg, 40±5 mg, 50±5 mg, 60±5mg, 70±5 mg, 80±5 mg, 90±5 mg, 100±5 mg, 110±5 mg, 120±5 mg, 130±5,140±5 mg, 150±5 mg, 160±5 mg, 170±5 mg, 180±5 mg, 190±5 mg, 200±5 mg,210±5 mg, 220±5 mg, 230±5 mg, 240±5 mg, 250±5 mg, 260±5 mg, 270±5 mg,280±5 mg, 290±5 mg, or 300±5 mg. In another preferred embodiment, thepharmacologically active compound is contained in the pharmaceuticaldosage form in an amount of 2.5±1 mg, 5.0±2.5 mg, 7.5±2.5 mg, 10±2.5 mg,15±2.5 mg, 20±2.5 mg, 25±2.5 mg, 30±2.5 mg, 35±2.5 mg, 40±2.5 mg, 45±2.5mg, 50±2.5 mg, 55±2.5 mg, 60±2.5 mg, 65±2.5 mg, 70±2.5 mg, 75±2.5 mg,80±2.5 mg, 85±2.5 mg, 90±2.5 mg, 95±2.5 mg, 100±2.5 mg, 105±2.5 mg,110±2.5 mg, 115±2.5 mg, 120±2.5 mg, 125±2.5 mg, 130±2.5 mg, 135±2.5 mg,140±2.5 mg, 145±2.5 mg, 150±2.5 mg, 155±2.5 mg, 160±2.5 mg, 165±2.5 mg,170±2.5 mg, 175±2.5 mg, 180±2.5 mg, 185±2.5 mg, 190±2.5 mg, 195±2.5 mg,200±2.5 mg, 205±2.5 mg, 210±2.5 mg, 215±2.5 mg, 220±2.5 mg, 225±2.5 mg,230±2.5 mg, 235±2.5 mg, 240±2.5 mg, 245±2.5 mg, 250±2.5 mg, 255±2.5 mg,260±2.5 mg, or 265±2.5 mg.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically activecompound is tapentadol, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceuticaldosage form is adapted for administration once daily, twice daily,thrice daily or more frequently. In this embodiment, pharmacologicallyactive compound is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosageform in an amount of from 25 to 100 mg.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically activecompound is oxymorphone, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceuticaldosage form is adapted for administration once daily, twice daily,thrice daily or more frequently. In this embodiment, thepharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 5 to 40 mg. In anotherparticularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compoundis oxymorphone, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosageform is adapted for administration once daily. In this embodiment, thepharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 10 to 80 mg.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologicallyactive compound is oxycodone, preferably its HCl salt, and thepharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily,twice daily, thrice daily or more frequently. In this embodiment, thepharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 5 to 80 mg.

In still another particularly preferred embodiment, thepharmacologically active compound is hydromorphone, preferably its HCl,and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration oncedaily, twice daily, thrice daily or more frequently. In this embodiment,the pharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 2 to 52 mg. In anotherparticularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compoundis hydromorphone, preferably its HCl, and the pharmaceutical dosage formis adapted for administration once daily, twice daily, thrice daily ormore frequently. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically activecompound is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in anamount of from 4 to 104 mg.

In yet another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologicallyactive compound is hydrocodone, preferably its bitartrate salt, and thepharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily,twice daily, thrice daily or more frequently. In this embodiment, thepharmacologically active compound is preferably contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 2.5 to 10 mg.

The particles present in the pharmaceutical dosage forms according tothe invention preferably comprise 3 to 75 wt.-% of pharmacologicallyactive compound, more preferably 5 to 70 wt.-% of pharmacologicallyactive compound, still more preferably 7.5 to 65 wt.-% ofpharmacologically active compound, based on the total weight of thepharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of theparticles.

Preferably, the content of the pharmacologically active compound is atleast 25 wt.-%, more preferably at least 30 wt.-%, still more preferablyat least 35 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 40 wt.-%, mostpreferably at least 45 wt.-%, based on the total weight of thepharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of theparticles.

Preferably, the content of the pharmacologically active compound is atmost 70 wt.-%, more preferably at most 65 wt.-%, still more preferablyat most 60 wt.-%, yet more preferably at most 55 wt.-%, most preferablyat most 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the pharmacologically activecompound is within the range of 35±30 wt.-%, more preferably 35±25wt.-%, still more preferably 35±20 wt.-%, yet more preferably 35±15wt.-%, most preferably 35±10 wt.-%, and in particular 35±5 wt.-%, basedon the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based onthe total weight of the particles. In another preferred embodiment, thecontent of the pharmacologically active compound is within the range of45±30 wt.-%, more preferably 45±25 wt.-%, still more preferably 45±20wt.-%, yet more preferably 45±15 wt.-%, most preferably 45±10 wt.-%, andin particular 45±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of thepharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of theparticles. In still another preferred embodiment, the content of thepharmacologically active compound is within the range of 55±30 wt.-%,more preferably 55±25 wt.-%, still more preferably 55±20 wt.-%, yet morepreferably 55±15 wt.-%, most preferably 55±10 wt.-%, and in particular55±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage formand/or based on the total weight of the particles.

The pharmacologically active compound that is included in thepreparation of the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to theinvention preferably has an average particle size of less than 500microns, still more preferably less than 300 microns, yet morepreferably less than 200 or 100 microns. There is no lower limit on theaverage particle size and it may be, for example, 50 microns. Theparticle size of pharmacologically active compounds may be determined byany technique conventional in the art, e.g. laser light scattering,sieve analysis, light microscopy or image analysis. Generally speakingit is preferable that the largest dimension of the pharmacologicallyactive compound particle be less than the size of the particles (e.g.less than the smallest dimension of the particles).

A skilled person knows how to determine pharmacokinetic parameters suchas t_(1/2), T_(max), C_(max), AUC and bioavailability. For the purposesof the description, the pharmacokinetic parameters, which may bedetermined from the blood plasma concentrations of3-(2-dimethylaminomethylcyclohexyl)phenol, are defined as follows:

C_(max) maximum measured plasma concentration of the active ingredientafter single administration (≡ average peak plasma level) t_(max)interval of time from administration of the active ingredient untilC_(max) is reached AUC total area of the plasma concentration/time curveincluding the subarea from the final measured value extrapolated toinfinity t_(1/2) half-life

The above parameters are in each case stated as mean values of theindividual values for all investigated patients/test subjects.

A person skilled in the art knows how the pharmacokinetic parameters ofthe active ingredient may be calculated from the measured concentrationsof the active ingredient in the blood plasma. In this connection,reference may be made, for example, to Willi Cawello (ed.) Parametersfor Compartment-free Pharmacokinetics, Shaker Verlag Aachen (1999).

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compound istapentadol or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, e.g. thehydrochloride. Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form according tothe invention provides a mean absolute bioavailability of tapentadol ofat least 22%, more preferably at least 24%, still more preferably atleast 26%, yet more preferably at least 28%, most preferably at least30%, and in particular at least 32%. T_(max) of tapentadol is preferablywithin the range of 1.25±1.20 h, more preferably 1.25±1.00 h, still morepreferably 1.25±0.80 h, yet more preferably 1.25±0.60 h, most preferably1.25±0.40 h, and in particular 1.25±0.20 h. t_(1/2) of tapentadol ispreferably within the range of 4.0±2.8 h, more preferably 4.0±2.4 h,still more preferably 4.0±2.0 h, yet more preferably 4.0±1.6 h, mostpreferably 4.0±1.2 h, and in particular 4.0±0.8 h. Preferably, whennormalized to a dose of 100 mg tapentadol, C_(max) of tapentadol ispreferably within the range of 90±85 ng/mL, more preferably 90±75 ng/mL,still more preferably 90±65 ng/mL, yet more preferably 90±55 ng/mL, mostpreferably 90±45 ng/mL, and in particular 90±35 ng/mL; and/or AUC oftapentadol is preferably within the range of 420±400 ng/mL·h, morepreferably 420±350 ng/mL·h, still more preferably 420±300 ng/mL·h, yetmore preferably 420±250 ng/mL·h, most preferably 420±200 ng/mL·h, and inparticular 420±150 ng/mL·h.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active compoundis oxycodone or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, e.g. thehydrochloride. Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form according tothe invention provides a mean absolute bioavailability of oxycodone ofat least 40%, more preferably at least 45%, still more preferably atleast 50%, yet more preferably at least 55%, most preferably at least60%, and in particular at least 70%. T_(max) of oxycodone is preferablywithin the range of 2.6±2.5 h, more preferably 2.6±2.0 h, still morepreferably 2.6±1.8 h, yet more preferably 2.6±0.1.6 h, most preferably2.6±1.4 h, and in particular 2.6±1.2 h. t_(1/2) of oxycodone ispreferably within the range of 3.8±3.5 h, more preferably 3.8±3.0 h,still more preferably 3.8±2.5 h, yet more preferably 3.8±2.0 h, mostpreferably 3.8±1.5 h, and in particular 3.8±1.0 h. Preferably, whennormalized to a dose of 30 mg oxycodone, C_(max) of oxycodone ispreferably within the range of 40±35 ng/mL, more preferably 40±30 ng/mL,still more preferably 40±25 ng/mL, yet more preferably 40±20 ng/mL, mostpreferably 40±15 ng/mL, and in particular 40±10 ng/mL; and/or AUC ofoxycodone is preferably within the range of 270±250 ng/mL·h, morepreferably 270±200 ng/mL·h, still more preferably 270±150 ng/mL·h, yetmore preferably 270±100 ng/mL·h, most preferably 270±75 ng/mL·h, and inparticular 270±50 ng/mL·h.

In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically activecompound is hydrocodone or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof,e.g. the bitartrate. T_(max) of hydrocodone is preferably within therange of 1.3±1.2 h, more preferably 1.3±1.0 h, still more preferably1.3±0.8 h, yet more preferably 1.3±0.6 h, most preferably 1.3±0.4 h, andin particular 1.3±0.2 h. t_(1/2) of hydrocodone is preferably within therange of 3.8±3.5 h, more preferably 3.8±3.0 h, still more preferably3.8±2.5 h, yet more preferably 3.8±2.0 h, most preferably 3.8±1.5 h, andin particular 3.8±1.0 h.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically activecompound is morphine or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, e.g.the sulfate. Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention provides a mean absolute bioavailability of morphine of atleast 15%, more preferably at least 20%, still more preferably at least25%, yet more preferably at least 30%, most preferably at least 35%, andin particular at least 40%. T_(max) of morphine is preferably within therange of 0.625±0.60 h, more preferably 0.625±0.50 h, still morepreferably 0.625±0.40 h, yet more preferably 0.625±0.30 h, mostpreferably 0.625±0.20 h, and in particular 0.625±0.15 h. Preferably,when normalized to a dose of 30 mg morphine sulfate, C_(max) of morphineis preferably within the range of 25±20 ng/mL, more preferably 25±15ng/mL, still more preferably 25±10 ng/mL, yet more preferably 25±5ng/mL; and/or AUC of morphine is preferably within the range of 50±45ng/mL·h, more preferably 50±40 ng/mL·h, still more preferably 50±35ng/mL·h, yet more preferably 50±30 ng/mL·h, most preferably 50±25ng/mL·h, and in particular 50±20 ng/mL·h.

In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically activecompound is amphetamine or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof.T_(max) of amphetamine is preferably within the range of 1.7±1.2 h, morepreferably 1.7±1.0 h, still more preferably 1.7±0.8 h, yet morepreferably 1.7±0.6 h, most preferably 1.7±0.4 h, and in particular1.7±0.2 h.

In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically activecompound is dex-amphetamine or a physiologically acceptable saltthereof, e.g. the sulfate. T_(max) of dex-amphetamine is preferablywithin the range of 3.0±2.9 h, more preferably 3.0±2.5 h, still morepreferably 3.0±2.1 h, yet more preferably 3.0±1.7 h, most preferably3.0±1.3 h, and in particular 3.0±0.9 h. t_(1/2) of dex-amphetamine ispreferably within the range of 10±6.0 h, more preferably 10±5.0 h, stillmore preferably 10±4.0 h, yet more preferably 10±3.0 h, most preferably10±2.0 h, and in particular 10±1.0 h.

The pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention may alsocomprise one or more additional pharmacologically active compounds. Theadditional pharmacologically active compound may be susceptible to abuseor another pharmaceutical. Additional pharmacologically active compoundsmay be present within the particles (“intragranular”) or within thematrix (“extragranular”). Where an additional pharmacologically activecompound is present intragranularly, it may be present either incombination with one or more pharmacologically active compounds withinthe same particles or in a discrete population of particles alone andseparate from any other pharmacologically active compounds present inthe pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according tothe invention, preferably the particles, comprise an opioid (agonist) aswell as an opioid antagonist.

Any conventional opioid antagonist may be present, e.g. naltrexone ornaloxone or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Naloxone, includingits salts, is particularly preferred. The opioid antagonist may bepresent within the particles or within the matrix. Alternatively, opioidantagonist may be provided in separate particles to thepharmacologically active compounds. The preferred composition of suchparticles is the same as that described for pharmacologically activecompound-containing particles.

The ratio of opioid agonist to opioid antagonist in the pharmaceuticaldosage forms according to the invention is preferably 1:1 to 3:1 byweight, for example, 2:1 by weight.

In another preferred embodiment, neither the particles nor thepharmaceutical dosage form comprise any opioid antagonist.

The tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention comprises a multitude of particles which comprise apolyalkylene oxide, wherein the content of the polyalkylene oxide is atleast 25 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles.

Preferably, the polyalkylene oxide is selected from polymethylene oxide,polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or copolymers thereof.Polyethylene oxide is preferred.

Preferably, the polyalkylene oxide has a weight average molecular weightof at least 500,000 g/mol. In a preferred embodiment, the polyalkyleneoxide has a weight average molecular weight (M_(W)) or viscosity averagemolecular weight (M_(η)) of at least 750,000 g/mol, preferably at least1,000,000 g/mol or at least 2,500,000 g/mol, more preferably in therange of 1,000,000 g/mol to 15,000,000 g/mol, and most preferably in therange of 5,000,000 g/mol to 10,000,000 g/mol. Suitable methods todetermine M_(w) and M_(η□) are known to a person skilled in the art.M_(η)□ is preferably determined by rheological measurements, whereasM_(W) can be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

Polyalkylene oxide may comprise a single polyalkylene oxide having aparticular average molecular weight, or a mixture (blend) of differentpolymers, such as two, three, four or five polymers, e.g., polymers ofthe same chemical nature but different average molecular weight,polymers of different chemical nature but same average molecular weight,or polymers of different chemical nature as well as different molecularweight.

For the purpose of the specification, a polyalkylene glycol has amolecular weight of up to 20,000 g/mol whereas a polyalkylene oxide hasa molecular weight of more than 20,000 g/mol. In a preferred embodiment,the weight average over all molecular weights of all polyalkylene oxidesthat are contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form is at least 200,000g/mol. Thus, polyalkylene glycols, if any, are preferably not taken intoconsideration when determining the weight average molecular weight ofpolyalkylene oxide.

In a preferred embodiment, polyalkylene oxide is homogeneouslydistributed in the particles according to the invention. Preferably, thepharmacologically active compound and polyalkylene oxide are intimatelyhomogeneously distributed in the particles so that the particles do notcontain any segments where either pharmacologically active compound ispresent in the absence of polyalkylene oxide or where polyalkylene oxideis present in the absence of pharmacologically active compound.

When the particles are film coated, the polyalkylene oxide is preferablyhomogeneously distributed in the core of the particles, i.e. the filmcoating preferably does not contain polyalkylene oxide. Nonetheless, thefilm coating as such may of course contain one or more polymers, whichhowever, preferably differ from the polyalkylene oxide contained in thecore.

The polyalkylene oxide may be combined with one or more differentpolymers selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxide,preferably polymethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide;polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate,polystyrene, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(alk)acrylate, poly(hydroxy fattyacids), such as for example poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)(Biopol®), poly(hydroxyvaleric acid); polycaprolactone, polyvinylalcohol, polyesteramide, polyethylene succinate, polylactone,polyglycolide, polyurethane, polyamide, polylactide, polyacetal (forexample polysaccharides optionally with modified side chains),polylactide/glycolide, polylactone, polyglycolide, polyorthoester,polyanhydride, block polymers of polyethylene glycol and polybutyleneterephthalate (Polyactive®), polyanhydride (Polifeprosan), copolymersthereof, block-copolymers thereof (e.g., Poloxamer®), and mixtures of atleast two of the stated polymers, or other polymers with the abovecharacteristics.

Preferably, the molecular weight dispersity M_(w)/M_(n) of polyalkyleneoxide is within the range of 2.5±2.0, more preferably 2.5±1.5, stillmore preferably 2.5±1.0, yet more preferably 2.5±0.8, most preferably2.5±0.6, and in particular 2.5±0.4.

The polyalkylene oxide preferably has a viscosity at 25° C. of 30 to17,600 cP, more preferably 55 to 17,600 cP, still more preferably 600 to17,600 cP and most preferably 4,500 to 17,600 cP, measured in a 5 wt.-%aqueous solution using a model RVF Brookfield viscosimeter (spindle no.2/rotational speed 2 rpm); of 400 to 4,000 cP, more preferably 400 to800 cP or 2,000 to 4,000 cP, measured on a 2 wt.-% aqueous solutionusing the stated viscosimeter (spindle no. 1 or 3/rotational speed 10rpm); or of 1,650 to 10,000 cP, more preferably 1,650 to 5,500 cP, 5,500to 7,500 cP or 7,500 to 10,000 cP, measured on a 1 wt.-% aqueoussolution using the stated viscosimeter (spindle no. 2/rotational speed 2rpm).

Polyethylene oxide that is suitable for use in the pharmaceutical dosageforms according to the invention is commercially available from Dow. Forexample, Polyox WSR N-12K, Polyox N-60K, Polyox WSR 301 NF or Polyox WSR303NF may be used in the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to theinvention. For details concerning the properties of these products, itcan be referred to e.g. the product specification.

Preferably, the content of the polyalkylene oxide is within the range offrom 25 to 80 wt.-%, more preferably 25 to 75 wt.-%, still morepreferably 25 to 70 wt.-%, yet more preferably 25 to 65 wt.-%, mostpreferably 30 to 65 wt.-% and in particular 35 to 65 wt.-%, based on thetotal weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the totalweight of the particles. In a preferred embodiment, the content of thepolyalkylene oxide is at least 30 wt.-%, more preferably at least 35wt.-%, still more preferably at least 40 wt.-%, yet more preferably atleast 45 wt.-% and in particular at least 50 wt.-%, based on the totalweight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the totalweight of the particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the overall content of polyalkylene oxide iswithin the range of 35±8 wt.-%, more preferably 35±6 wt.-%, mostpreferably 35±4 wt.-%, and in particular 35±2 wt.-%, based on the totalweight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the totalweight of the particles. In another preferred embodiment, the overallcontent of polyalkylene oxide is within the range of 40±12 wt.-%, morepreferably 40±10 wt.-%, most preferably 40±7 wt.-%, and in particular40±3 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage formand/or based on the total weight of the particles. In still anotherpreferred embodiment, the overall content of polyalkylene oxide iswithin the range of 45±16 wt.-%, more preferably 45±12 wt.-%, mostpreferably 45±8 wt.-%, and in particular 45±4 wt.-%, based on the totalweight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the totalweight of the particles. In yet another preferred embodiment, theoverall content of polyalkylene oxide is within the range of 50±20wt.-%, more preferably 50±15 wt.-%, most preferably 50±10 wt.-%, and inparticular 50±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceuticaldosage form and/or based on the total weight of the particles. In afurther preferred embodiment, the overall content of polyalkylene oxideis within the range of 55±20 wt.-%, more preferably 55±15 wt.-%, mostpreferably 55±10 wt.-%, and in particular 55±5 wt.-%, based on the totalweight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the totalweight of the particles. In still a further a preferred embodiment, theoverall content of polyalkylene oxide is within the range of 60±20wt.-%, more preferably 60±15 wt.-%, most preferably 60±10 wt.-%, and inparticular 60±5 wt.-%. In a still further a preferred embodiment, theoverall content of polyalkylene oxide is within the range of 65±20wt.-%, more preferably 65±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 65±10 wt.-%, andin particular 65±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of thepharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of theparticles.

Preferably, the relative weight ratio of the polyalkylene oxide to thepharmacologically active compound is within the range of 30:1 to 1:10,more preferably 20:1 to 1:1, still more preferably 15:1 to 5:1, yet morepreferably 14:1 to 6:1, most preferably 13:1 to 7:1, and in particular12:1 to 8:1.

The tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention comprises a multitude of particles which comprise adisintegrant, wherein the content of the disintegrant is more than 5.0wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage formand/or based on the total weight of the particles.

In a preferred embodiment, particularly when the pharmaceutical dosageform is a capsule, the pharmaceutical dosage form contains the entireamount of disintegrant within the particles, i.e. outside the particlesthere is preferably no disintegrant. Furthermore, the disintegrant ispreferably homogeneously distributed in the particles. Preferably, whenthe particles are coated, the coating does not contain disintegrant.

In another preferred embodiment, particularly when the pharmaceuticaldosage form is a tablet, the pharmaceutical dosage form contains thedisintegrant within the particles as well as outside the particles. In apreferred embodiment, the nature of disintegrant within the particle isidentical with the nature of disintegrant outside the particles.However, different disintegrants inside the particles and outside theparticles are also possible in accordance with the invention.Furthermore, the disintegrant is preferably homogeneously distributed inthe particles. Preferably, when the particles are coated, the coatingdoes not contain disintegrant.

Suitable disintegrants are known to the skilled person and arepreferably selected from the group consisting of polysaccharides,starches, starch derivatives, cellulose derivatives,polyvinylpyrrolidones, acrylates, gas releasing substances, and themixtures of any of the foregoing.

Preferred starches include but are not limited to “standard starch”(e.g. native maize starch) and pregelatinized starch (e.g. starch 1500).

Preferred starch derivatives include but are not limited to sodiumstarch glycolate (carboxymethyl starch sodium, e.g. Vivastar®).

Preferred cellulose derivatives include but are not limited tocroscarmellose sodium (=crosslinked sodium carboxymethylcellulose; e.g.Vivasol®), carmellose calcium (calcium carboxymethylcellulose),carmellose sodium (sodium carboxymethylcellulose), low substitutedcarmellose sodium (low substituted sodium carboxymethylcellulose;average degree of substitution (DS) 0.20 to 0.40, Mr 80,000 to 600,000g/mol, CAS 9004-32-4, E 466), low substituted hydroxypropylcellulose(having a content of propyl groups within the range of from 5 to 16%;CAS 9004-64-2).

Preferred acrylates include but are not limited to carbopol.

Preferred polyvinylpyrrolidones include but are not limited tocrospovidone (PVP

Preferred gas releasing substances include but are not limited to sodiumbicarbonate.

Preferred disintegrants include but are not limited to crosslinkedsodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) (e.g. Crosscarmellose, Vivasol®,Ac-Di-Sol®); crosslinked casein (e.g.) Esma-Spreng®; polysaccharidemixtures obtained from soybeans (e.g. Emcosoy®); maize starch orpretreated maize starch (e.g. Amijel®); alginic acid, sodium alginate,calcium alginate; polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (e.g. Kollidone®,Polyplasdone®, Polydone®); crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP CI)(e.g. Polyplasdone® XL); starch and pretreated starch such as sodiumcarboxymethyl starch (=sodium starch glycolate, e.g. Explotab®, Prejel®,Primotab® ET, Starch® 1500, Ulmatryl®), and the mixtures thereof.Crosslinked polymers are particularly preferred disintegrants,especially crosslinked sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) orcrosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP CI).

Particularly preferred disintegrants are selected from the groupconsisting of

-   -   crosslinked sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) (e.g.        Crosscarmellose, Vivasol®, Ac-Di-Sol®);    -   crosslinked casein (e.g. Esma-Spreng);    -   alginic acid, sodium alginate, calcium alginate;    -   polysaccharide mixtures obtained from soybeans (e.g. Emcosoy);    -   starch and pretreated starch such as sodium carboxymethyl starch        (=sodium starch glycolate, e.g. Explotab®, Prejel®, Primotab®        ET, Starch® 1500, Ulmatryl®);    -   maize starch or pretreated maize starch (e.g. Amijel®);    -   and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

Preferably, the content of the disintegrant is at least 6.0 wt.-%, atleast 7.0 wt.-%, at least 8.0 wt.-%, at least 9.0 wt.-%, or at least 10wt.-%, more preferably at least 12 wt.-%, still more preferably at least14 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 15 wt.-%, even more preferably atleast 16 wt.-%, most preferably at least 18 wt.-%, and in particular atleast 19 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles.

It has been surprisingly found that the content of disintegranttypically has an optimum at which it provides the best balance ofimmediate release properties on the one hand and resistance againstsolvent extraction on the other hand. Said optimum may vary, butpreferably is within the range of from about 10 wt.-% to about 20 wt.-%,relative to the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/orbased on the total weight of the particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the disintegrant in thepharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 15±9.0 wt.-%, morepreferably 15±8.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 15±8.0 wt.-%, yet morepreferably 15±7.5 wt.-%, most preferably 15±7.0 wt.-%, and in particular15±6.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles. In still anotherpreferred embodiment, the content of the disintegrant in thepharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 15±6.0 wt.-%, morepreferably 15±5.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 15±5.0 wt.-%, yet morepreferably 15±4.5 wt.-%, most preferably 15±4.0 wt.-%, and in particular15±3.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the content of the disintegrant in thepharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 15±3.0 wt.-%, morepreferably 15±2.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 15±2.0 wt.-%, yet morepreferably 15±1.5 wt.-%, most preferably 15±1.0 wt.-%, and in particular15±0.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the content of the disintegrant in thepharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 20±15 wt.-% or 20±14wt.-%, more preferably 20±13 wt.-%, still more preferably 20±12 wt.-%,yet more preferably 20±11 wt.-%, most preferably 20±10 wt.-%, and inparticular 20±9.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceuticaldosage form and/or based on the total weight of the particles. Inanother preferred embodiment, the content of the disintegrant in thepharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 20±9.0 wt.-%, morepreferably 20±8.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 20±8.0 wt.-%, yet morepreferably 20±7.5 wt.-%, most preferably 20±7.0 wt.-%, and in particular20±6.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles. In still anotherpreferred embodiment, the content of the disintegrant in thepharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 20±6.0 wt.-%, morepreferably 20±5.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 20±5.0 wt.-%, yet morepreferably 20±4.5 wt.-%, most preferably 20±4.0 wt.-%, and in particular20±3.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the content of the disintegrant in thepharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 20±3.0 wt.-%, morepreferably 20±2.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 20±2.0 wt.-%, yet morepreferably 20±1.5 wt.-%, most preferably 20±1.0 wt.-%, and in particular20±0.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles.

In still another preferred embodiment, the content of the disintegrantin the pharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 25±9.0 wt.-%,more preferably 25±8.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 25±8.0 wt.-%, yetmore preferably 25±7.5 wt.-%, most preferably 25±7.0 wt.-%, and inparticular 25±6.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceuticaldosage form and/or based on the total weight of the particles. In stillanother preferred embodiment, the content of the disintegrant in thepharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 25±6.0 wt.-%, morepreferably 25±5.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 25±5.0 wt.-%, yet morepreferably 25±4.5 wt.-%, most preferably 25±4.0 wt.-%, and in particular25±3.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the content of the disintegrant in thepharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 25±3.0 wt.-%, morepreferably 25±2.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 25±2.0 wt.-%, yet morepreferably 25±1.5 wt.-%, most preferably 25±1.0 wt.-%, and in particular25±0.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosageform and/or based on the total weight of the particles.

When the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention containsmore than a single disintegrant, e.g. a mixture of two differentdisintegrants, the above percentages preferably refer to the totalcontent of disintegrants.

Preferably, the relative weight ratio of the polyalkylene oxide to thedisintegrant is within the range of 8:1 to 1:5, more preferably 7:1 to1:4, still more preferably 6:1 to 1:3, yet more preferably 5:1 to 1:2,most preferably 4:1 to 1:1, and in particular 3:1 to 2:1.

Preferably, the relative weight ratio of the pharmacologically activeingredient to the disintegrant is within the range of 4:1 to 1:10, morepreferably 3:1 to 1:9, still more preferably 2:1 to 1:8, yet morepreferably 1:1 to 1:7, most preferably 1:2 to 1:6, and in particular 1:3to 1:5.

The pharmaceutical dosage form may contain a single disintegrant or amixture of different disintegrants. Preferably, the pharmaceuticaldosage form contains a single disintegrant.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or the particlesaccording to the invention additionally comprise a gelling agent, whichis preferably a polysaccharide.

While the gelling agent may principally contribute to the overallresistance against solvent extraction of the pharmaceutical dosage formaccording to the invention, it has been unexpectedly found that one ormore disintegrants in comparatively high amounts in combination with oneor more gelling agents are of particular advantage in this regard. Ithas been surprisingly found that the combination of one or moredisintegrants in comparatively high amounts with one or more gellingagent is robust against variation of the pharmacologically activeingredient. Thus, according to the present invention exchanging a givenpharmacologically active ingredient by another pharmacologically activeingredient does preferably not substantially alter the overallresistance against solvent extraction of the pharmaceutical dosage formaccording to the invention

As used herein the term “gelling agent” is used to refer to a compoundthat, upon contact with a solvent (e.g. water), absorbs the solvent andswells, thereby forming a viscous or semi-viscous substance. Preferredgelling agents are not cross-linked. This substance may moderatepharmacologically active compound release from the particles in bothaqueous and aqueous alcoholic media. Upon full hydration, a thickviscous solution or dispersion is typically produced that significantlyreduces and/or minimizes the amount of free solvent which can contain anamount of solubilized pharmacologically active compound, and which canbe drawn into a syringe. The gel that is formed may also reduce theoverall amount of pharmacologically active compound extractable with thesolvent by entrapping the pharmacologically active compound within a gelstructure. Thus the gelling agent may play an important role inconferring tamper-resistance to the pharmaceutical dosage formsaccording to the invention.

Gelling agents include pharmaceutically acceptable polymers, typicallyhydrophilic polymers, such as hydrogels. Representative examples ofgelling agents include gums like xanthan gum, carrageenan, locust beangum, guar, tragacanth, acaica (gum arabic), karaya, tara and gellan gum;polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose,carbomers, poly(uronic) acids and mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the content of the gelling agent, preferably xanthan gum, isat least 1.0 wt.-%, more preferably at least 2.0 wt.-%, still morepreferably at least 3.0 wt.-%, most preferably at least 4.0 wt.-%, basedon the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based onthe total weight of the particles.

Preferably, the content of the gelling agent, preferably xanthan gum, iswithin the range of 5.0±4.5 wt.-%, more preferably 5.0±4.0 wt.-%, stillmore preferably 5.0±3.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 5.0±3.0 wt.-%, evenmore preferably 5.0±2.5 wt.-%, most preferably 5.0±2.0 wt.-%, and inparticular 5.0±1.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of thepharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of theparticles.

Preferably, the relative weight ratio of disintegrant:gelling agent iswithin the range of from 11:1 to 1:5, more preferably 10:1 to 1:4, stillmore preferably 9:1 to 1:3, yet more preferably 8:1 to 1:2, even morepreferably 7:1 to 1:1, most preferably 6:1 to 2:1, and in particular 5:1to 3:1.

The pharmaceutical dosage form and/or the particles according to theinvention may contain additional pharmaceutical excipientsconventionally contained in pharmaceutical dosage forms in conventionalamounts, such as antioxidants, preservatives, lubricants, plasticizer,fillers, binders, and the like.

The skilled person will readily be able to determine appropriate furtherexcipients as well as the quantities of each of these excipients.Specific examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipientsthat may be used to formulate the pharmaceutical dosage forms accordingto the invention are described in the Handbook of PharmaceuticalExcipients, American Pharmaceutical Association (1986).

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or the particlesaccording to the invention further comprise an antioxidant. Suitableantioxidants include ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA),butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), salts of ascorbic acid,monothioglycerol, phosphorous acid, vitamin C, vitamin E and thederivatives thereof, coniferyl benzoate, nordihydroguajaretic acid,gallus acid esters, sodium bisulfite, particularly preferablybutylhydroxytoluene or butylhydroxyanisole and α-tocopherol. Theantioxidant is preferably present in quantities of 0.01 wt.-% to 10wt.-%, more preferably of 0.03 wt.-% to 5 wt.-%, most preferably of 0.05wt.-% to 2.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceuticaldosage form and/or based on the total weight of the particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or theparticles according to the invention further comprise an acid,preferably citric acid. The amount of acid is preferably in the range of0.01 wt.-% to 20 wt.-%, more preferably in the range of 0.02 wt.-% to 10wt.-%, and still more preferably in the range of 0.05 wt.-% to 5 wt.-%,and most preferably in the range of 0.1 wt.-% to 1.0 wt.-%, based on thetotal weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the totalweight of the particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or theparticles according to the invention further comprise another polymerwhich is preferably selected from cellulose esters and cellulose ethers,in particular hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).

The amount of the further polymer, preferably hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, preferably ranges from 0.1 wt.-% to 30 wt.-%, morepreferably in the range of 1.0 wt.-% to 20 wt.-%, most preferably in therange of 2.0 wt.-% to 15 wt.-%, and in particular in the range of 3.5wt.-% to 10.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceuticaldosage form and/or based on the total weight of the particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the relative weight ratio of the polyalkyleneoxide to the further polymer is within the range of 4.5±2:1, morepreferably 4.5±1.5:1, still more preferably 4.5±1:1, yet more preferably4.5±0.5:1, most preferably 4.5±0.2:1, and in particular 4.5±0.1:1. Inanother preferred embodiment, the relative weight ratio of thepolyalkylene oxide to the further polymer is within the range of 8±7:1,more preferably 8±6:1, still more preferably 8±5:1, yet more preferably8±4:1, most preferably 8±3:1, and in particular 8±2:1. In still anotherpreferred embodiment, the relative weight ratio of the polyalkyleneoxide to the further polymer is within the range of 11±8:1, morepreferably 11±7:1, still more preferably 11±6:1, yet more preferably11±5:1, most preferably 11±4:1, and in particular 11±3:1.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form and/orthe particles according to the invention do not contain any furtherpolymer besides the polyalkylene oxide and optionally, polyethyleneglycol.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form contains atleast one lubricant. Preferably, the lubricant is contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form outside the particles, i.e. the particles assuch preferably do not contain lubricant. In another preferredembodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form contains no lubricant.Especially preferred lubricants are selected from

-   -   magnesium stearate and stearic acid;    -   glycerides of fatty acids, including monoglycerides,        diglycerides, triglycerides, and mixtures thereof; preferably of        C₆ to C₂₂ fatty acids; especially preferred are partial        glycerides of the C₁₆ to C₂₂ fatty acids such as glycerol        behenat, glycerol palmitostearate and glycerol monostearate;    -   polyoxyethylene glycerol fatty acid esters, such as mixtures of        mono-, di- and triesters of glycerol and di- and monoesters of        macrogols having molecular weights within the range of from 200        to 4000 g/mol, e.g., macrogolglycerolcaprylocaprate,        macrogolglycerollaurate, macrogolglycerolococoate,        macrogolglycerollinoleate, macrogol-20-glycerolmonostearate,        macrogol-6-glycerolcaprylocaprate, macrogolglycerololeate;        macrogolglycerolstearate, macrogolglycerolhydroxystearate, and        macrogolglycerolrizinoleate;    -   polyglycolyzed glycerides, such as the one known and        commercially available under the trade name “Labrasol”;    -   fatty alcohols that may be linear or branched, such as        cetylalcohol, stearylalcohol, cetylstearyl alcohol,        2-octyldodecane-1-ol and 2-hexyldecane-1-ol;    -   polyethylene glycols having a molecular weight between 10.000        and 60.000 g/mol; and    -   natural semi-synthetic or synthetic waxes, preferably waxes with        a softening point of at least 50° C., more preferably 60° C.,        and in particular carnauba wax and bees wax.

Preferably, the amount of the lubricant ranges from 0.01 wt.-% to 10wt.-%, more preferably in the range of 0.05 wt.-% to 7.5 wt.-%, mostpreferably in the range of 0.1 wt.-% to 5 wt.-%, and in particular inthe range of 0.1 wt.-% to 1 wt.-%, based on the total weight of thepharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of theparticles.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or the particlesaccording to the invention further comprise a plasticizer. Theplasticizer improves the processability of the polyalkylene oxide. Apreferred plasticizer is polyalkylene glycol, like polyethylene glycol,triacetin, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, waxes and/or microcrystallinewaxes. Particularly preferred plasticizers are polyethylene glycols,such as PEG 6000 (Macrogol 6000).

Preferably, the content of the plasticizer is within the range of from0.5 to 30 wt.-%, more preferably 1.0 to 25 wt.-%, still more preferably2.5 wt.-% to 22.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 5.0 wt.-% to 20 wt.-%, mostpreferably 6 to 20 wt.-% and in particular 7 wt.-% to 17.5 wt.-%, basedon the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based onthe total weight of the particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the plasticizer is a polyalkylene glycolhaving a content within the range of 7±6 wt.-%, more preferably 7±5wt.-%, still more preferably 7±4 wt.-%, yet more preferably 7±3 wt.-%,most preferably 7±2 wt.-%, and in particular 7±1 wt.-%, based on thetotal weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the totalweight of the particles. In another preferred embodiment, theplasticizer is a polyalkylene glycol having a content within the rangeof 10±8 wt.-%, more preferably 10±6 wt.-%, still more preferably 10±5wt.-%, yet more preferably 10±4 wt.-%, most preferably 10±3 wt.-%, andin particular 10±2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of thepharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of theparticles.

In a preferred embodiment, the relative weight ratio of the polyalkyleneoxide to the polyalkylene glycol is within the range of 5.4±2:1, morepreferably 5.4±1.5:1, still more preferably 5.4±1:1, yet more preferably5.4±0.5:1, most preferably 5.4±0.2:1, and in particular 5.4±0.1:1. Thisratio satisfies the requirements of relative high polyalkylene oxidecontent and good extrudability.

Plasticizers can sometimes act as a lubricant, and lubricants cansometimes act as a plasticizer.

In preferred compositions of the particles that are preferably hot-meltextruded and that are contained in the pharmaceutical dosage formaccording to the invention, the pharmacologically active ingredient isan opioid and the polyalkylene oxide is a polyethylene oxide with aweight average molecular weight within the range of from 0.5 to 15million g/mol. Particularly preferred embodiments A¹ to A⁸ aresummarized in the table here below:

[wt.-%] A¹ A² A³ A⁴ A⁵ A⁶ A⁷ A⁸ opioid 5.5 ± 5.0 5.5 ± 4.5 5.5 ± 4.0 5.5± 3.5 5.5 ± 3.0 5.5 ± 2.5 5.5 ± 2.0 5.5 ± 1.5 polyethylene 55 ± 40 55 ±35 55 ± 30 55 ± 25 55 ± 20 55 ± 15 55 ± 10 55 ± 5  oxide disintegrant 20± 15 20 ± 13 20 ± 11 20 ± 9  20 ± 7  20 ± 5  20 ± 4  20 ± 3  optionally,0.8 ± 0.7 0.8 ± 0.7 0.8 ± 0.5 0.8 ± 0.5 0.8 ± 0.5 0.8 ± 0.3 0.8 ± 0.30.8 ± 0.3 acid optionally, 14 ± 13 14 ± 12 14 ± 11 14 ± 10 14 ± 9  14 ±8  14 ± 7  14 ± 6  plasticizer optionally, 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.10.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 antioxidantoptionally, 5.0 ± 4.5 5.0 ± 4.0 5.0 ± 3.5 5.0 ± 3.0 5.0 ± 2.5 5.0 ± 2.05.0 ± 1.5 5.0 ± 1.0 gelling agent (all percentages relative to the totalweight of the particles).

In the above table, “optionally” in the context of the acid, theplasticizer, the antioxidant and the gelling agent means that theseexcipients may independently of one another be contained in theparticles or not and provided that they are contained in the particles,their content in wt.-% is as specified.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferablycontains no antagonists for the pharmacologically active compound,preferably no antagonists against psychotropic substances, in particularno antagonists against opioids. Antagonists suitable for a givenpharmacologically active compound are known to the person skilled in theart and may be present as such or in the form of correspondingderivatives, in particular esters or ethers, or in each case in the formof corresponding physiologically acceptable compounds, in particular inthe form of the salts or solvates thereof. The pharmaceutical dosageform according to the invention preferably contains no antagonistsselected from among the group comprising naloxone, naltrexone,nalmefene, nalide, nalmexone, nalorphine or naluphine, in each caseoptionally in the form of a corresponding physiologically acceptablecompound, in particular in the form of a base, a salt or solvate; and noneuroleptics, for example a compound selected from among the groupcomprising haloperidol, promethacine, fluphenazine, perphenazine,levomepromazine, thioridazine, perazine, chlorpromazine,chlorprothixine, zuclopenthixol, flupentixol, prothipendyl, zotepine,benperidol, pipamperone, melperone and bromperidol.

Further, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the inventionpreferably also contains no bitter substance. Bitter substances and thequantities effective for use may be found in US-2003/0064099 A1, thecorresponding disclosure of which should be deemed to be the disclosureof the present application and is hereby introduced as a reference.Examples of bitter substances are aromatic oils, such as peppermint oil,eucalyptus oil, bitter almond oil, menthol, fruit aroma substances,aroma substances from lemons, oranges, limes, grapefruit or mixturesthereof, and/or denatonium benzoate.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention accordinglypreferably contains neither antagonists for the pharmacologically activecompound nor bitter substances.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according tothe invention is a tablet, wherein the particles are contained in amatrix of a matrix material. In the following, this preferred embodimentis referred to as the “preferred tablet according to the invention”.

The preferred tablet according to the invention comprises subunitshaving different morphology and properties, namely drug-containingparticles and matrix material, wherein the particles form adiscontinuous phase within the matrix material. The particles typicallyhave mechanical properties that differ from the mechanical properties ofthe matrix material. Preferably, the particles have a higher mechanicalstrength than the matrix material. The particles within the preferredtablet according to the invention can be visualized by conventionalmeans such as solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,raster electron microscopy, terahertz spectroscopy and the like.

In the preferred tablet according to the invention, the particles areincorporated in a matrix material. From a macroscopic perspective, thematrix material preferably forms a continuous phase in which theparticles are embedded as discontinuous phase.

Preferably, the matrix material is a homogenous coherent mass,preferably a homogeneous mixture of solid constituents, in which theparticles are embedded thereby spatially separating the particles fromone another. While it is possible that the surfaces of particles are incontact or at least in very close proximity with one another, theplurality of particles preferably cannot be regarded as a singlecontinuous coherent mass within the preferred tablet according to theinvention.

In other words, the preferred tablet according to the inventioncomprises the particles as volume element(s) of a first type in whichthe pharmacologically active compound, the polyalkylene oxide and thedisintegrant are contained, preferably homogeneously, and the matrixmaterial as volume element of a second type differing from the materialthat forms the particles, preferably containing neitherpharmacologically active compound nor polyalkylene oxide, but optionallypolyethylene glycol which differs from polyethylene oxide in itsmolecular weight.

A purpose of the matrix material in the preferred tablet according tothe invention is to ensure rapid disintegration and subsequent releaseof the pharmacologically active compound from the disintegratedpreferred tablet according to the invention, i.e. from the particles.Thus, the matrix material preferably does not contain any excipient thatmight have a retardant effect on disintegration and drug release,respectively. Thus, the matrix material preferably does not contain anypolymer that is typically employed as matrix material in prolongedrelease formulations.

The preferred tablet according to the invention preferably comprises thematrix material in an amount of more than one third of the total weightof the preferred tablet according to the invention. Thus, thepolyalkylene oxide that is contained in the particles of the preferredtablet according to the invention is preferably not also contained inthe matrix material.

Preferably, the pharmacologically active compound which is contained inthe particles of the preferred tablet according to the invention ispreferably not also contained in the matrix material. Thus, in apreferred embodiment, the total amount of pharmacologically activecompound contained in the preferred tablet according to the invention ispresent in the particles which form a discontinuous phase within thematrix material; and the matrix material forming a continuous phase doesnot contain any pharmacologically active compound.

Preferably, the content of the matrix material is at least 35 wt.-%, atleast 37.5 wt.-% or at least 40 wt.-%; more preferably at least 42.5wt.-%, at least 45 wt.-%, at least 47.5 wt.-% or at least 50 wt.-%;still more preferably at least 52.5 wt.-%, at least 55 wt.-%, at least57.5 wt.-% or at least 60 wt.-%; yet more preferably at least 62.5wt.-%, at least 65 wt.-%, at least 67.5 wt.-% or at least 60 wt.-%; mostpreferably at least 72.5 wt.-%, at least 75 wt.-%, at least 77.5 wt.-%or at least 70 wt.-%; and in particular at least 82.5 wt.-%, at least 85wt.-%, at least 87.5 wt.-% or at least 90 wt.-%; based on the totalweight of the preferred tablet according to the invention.

Preferably, the content of the matrix material is at most 90 wt.-%, atmost 87.5 wt.-%, at most 85 wt.-%, or at most 82.5 wt.-%; morepreferably at most 80 wt.-%, at most 77.5 wt.-%, at most 75 wt.-% or atmost 72.5 wt.-%; still more preferably at most 70 wt.-%, at most 67.5wt.-%, at most 65 wt.-% or at most 62.5 wt.-%; yet more preferably atmost 60 wt.-%, at most 57.5 wt.-%, at most 55 wt.-% or at most 52.5wt.-%; most preferably at most 50 wt.-%, at most 47.5 wt.-%, at most 45wt.-% or at most 42.5 wt.-%; and in particular at most 40 wt.-%, at most37.5 wt.-%, or at most 35 wt.-%; based on the total weight of thepreferred tablet according to the invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the matrix material is withinthe range of 40±5 wt.-%, more preferably 40±2.5 wt.-%, based on thetotal weight of the preferred tablet according to the invention. Inanother preferred embodiment, the content of the matrix material iswithin the range of 45±10 wt.-%, more preferably 45±7.5 wt.-%, stillmore preferably 45±5 wt.-%, and most preferably 45±2.5 wt.-%, based onthe total weight of the preferred tablet according to the invention. Instill another preferred embodiment, the content of the matrix materialis within the range of 50±10 wt.-%, more preferably 50±7.5 wt.-%, stillmore preferably 50±5 wt.-%, and most preferably 50±2.5 wt.-%, based onthe total weight of the preferred tablet according to the invention. Inyet another preferred embodiment, the content of the matrix material iswithin the range of 55±10 wt.-%, more preferably 55±7.5 wt.-%, stillmore preferably 55±5 wt.-%, and most preferably 55±2.5 wt.-%, based onthe total weight of the preferred tablet according to the invention.

Preferably, the matrix material is a mixture, preferably a homogeneousmixture of at least two different constituents, more preferably of atleast three different constituents. In a preferred embodiment, allconstituents of the matrix material are homogeneously distributed in thecontinuous phase that is formed by the matrix material.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention istamper-resistant.

As used herein, the term “tamper-resistant” refers to pharmaceuticaldosage forms that are resistant to conversion into a form suitable formisuse or abuse, particular for nasal and/or intravenous administration,by conventional means such as grinding in a mortar or crushing by meansof a hammer. In this regard, the pharmaceutical dosage forms as such maybe crushable by conventional means. However, the particles contained inthe pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention preferablyexhibit mechanical properties such that they cannot be pulverized byconventional means any further. As the particles are of macroscopic sizeand contain the pharmacologically active compound, they cannot beadministered nasally thereby rendering the pharmaceutical dosage formstamper-resistant. Preferably, when trying to tamper the dosage form inorder to prepare a formulation suitable for abuse by intravenousadministration, the liquid part of the formulation that can be separatedfrom the remainder by means of a syringe is as less as possible,preferably it contains not more than 20 wt.-%, more preferably not morethan 15 wt.-%, still more preferably not more than 10 wt.-%, and mostpreferably not more than 5 wt.-% of the originally containedpharmacologically active compound. Preferably, this property is testedby (i) dispensing a pharmaceutical dosage form that is either intact orhas been manually comminuted by means of two spoons in 5 ml of purifiedwater, (ii) heating the liquid up to its boiling point, (iii) boilingthe liquid in a covered vessel for 5 min without the addition of furtherpurified water, (iv) drawing up the hot liquid into a syringe (needle21G equipped with a cigarette filter), (v) determining the amount of thepharmacologically active compound contained in the liquid within thesyringe.

Further, when trying to disrupt the pharmaceutical dosage forms by meansof a hammer or mortar, the particles tend to adhere to one anotherthereby forming aggregates and agglomerates, respectively, which arelarger in size than the untreated particles.

Preferably, tamper-resistance is achieved based on the mechanicalproperties of the particles so that comminution is avoided or at leastsubstantially impeded. According to the invention, the term comminutionmeans the pulverization of the particles using conventional meansusually available to an abuser, for example a pestle and mortar, ahammer, a mallet or other conventional means for pulverizing under theaction of force. Thus, tamper-resistance preferably means thatpulverization of the particles using conventional means is avoided or atleast substantially impeded.

Preferably, the mechanical properties of the particles according to theinvention, particularly their breaking strength and deformability,substantially rely on the presence and spatial distribution ofpolyalkylene oxide, although their mere presence does typically notsuffice in order to achieve said properties. The advantageous mechanicalproperties of the particles according to the invention may notautomatically be achieved by simply processing pharmacologically activecompound, polyalkylene oxide, and optionally further excipients by meansof conventional methods for the preparation of pharmaceutical dosageforms. In fact, usually suitable apparatuses must be selected for thepreparation and critical processing parameters must be adjusted,particularly pressure/force, temperature and time. Thus, even ifconventional apparatuses are used, the process protocols usually must beadapted in order to meet the required criteria.

In general, the particles exhibiting the desired properties may beobtained only if, during preparation of the particles,

-   -   suitable components    -   in suitable amounts

are exposed to

-   -   a sufficient pressure    -   at a sufficient temperature    -   for a sufficient period of time.

Thus, regardless of the apparatus used, the process protocols must beadapted in order to meet the required criteria. Therefore, the breakingstrength and deformability of the particles is separable from thecomposition.

The particles contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form according tothe invention preferably have a breaking strength of at least 300 N, atleast 400 N, or at least 500 N, preferably at least 600 N, morepreferably at least 700 N, still more preferably at least 800 N, yetmore preferably at least 1000 N, most preferably at least 1250 N and inparticular at least 1500 N.

In order to verify whether a particle exhibits a particular breakingstrength of e.g. 300 N or 500 N it is typically not necessary to subjectsaid particle to forces much higher than 300 N and 500 N, respectively.Thus, the breaking strength test can usually be terminated once theforce corresponding to the desired breaking strength has been slightlyexceeded, e.g. at forces of e.g. 330 N and 550 N, respectively.

The “breaking strength” (resistance to crushing) of a pharmaceuticaldosage form and of a particle is known to the skilled person. In thisregard it can be referred to, e.g., W. A. Ritschel, Die Tablette, 2.Auflage, Editio Cantor Verlag Aulendorf, 2002; H Liebermann et al.,Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Pharmaceutical dosage forms, Vol. 2,Informa Healthcare; 2 edition, 1990; and Encyclopedia of PharmaceuticalTechnology, Informa Healthcare; 1 edition.

For the purpose of the specification, the breaking strength ispreferably defined as the amount of force that is necessary in order tofracture the particle (=breaking force). Therefore, for the purpose ofthe specification a particle does preferably not exhibit the desiredbreaking strength when it breaks, i.e., is fractured into at least twoindependent parts that are separated from one another. In anotherpreferred embodiment, however, the particle is regarded as being brokenif the force decreases by 50% (threshold value) of the highest forcemeasured during the measurement (see below).

The particles according to the invention are distinguished fromconventional particles that can be contained in pharmaceutical dosageforms in that, due to their breaking strength, they cannot be pulverizedby the application of force with conventional means, such as for examplea pestle and mortar, a hammer, a mallet or other usual means forpulverization, in particular devices developed for this purpose (tabletcrushers). In this regard “pulverization” means crumbling into smallparticles. Avoidance of pulverization virtually rules out oral orparenteral, in particular intravenous or nasal abuse.

Conventional particles typically have a breaking strength well below 200N.

The breaking strength of conventional round pharmaceutical dosageforms/particles may be estimated according to the following empiricalformula: Breaking Strength [in N]=10× Diameter Of The Pharmaceuticaldosage form/Particle [in mm]. Thus, according to said empirical formula,a round pharmaceutical dosage form/particle having a breaking strengthof at least 300 N would require a diameter of at least 30 mm). Such aparticle, however, could not be swallowed, let alone a pharmaceuticaldosage form containing a plurality of such particles. The aboveempirical formula preferably does not apply to the particles accordingto the invention, which are not conventional but rather special.

Further, the actual mean chewing force is 220 N (cf., e.g., P. A.Proeschel et al., J Dent Res, 2002, 81(7), 464-468). This means thatconventional particles having a breaking strength well below 200 N maybe crushed upon spontaneous chewing, whereas the particles according tothe invention may preferably not.

Still further, when applying a gravitational acceleration of 9.81 m/s²,300 N correspond to a gravitational force of more than 30 kg, i.e. theparticles according to the invention can preferably withstand a weightof more than 30 kg without being pulverized.

Methods for measuring the breaking strength of a pharmaceutical dosageform are known to the skilled artisan. Suitable devices are commerciallyavailable.

For example, the breaking strength (resistance to crushing) can bemeasured in accordance with the Eur. Ph. 5.0, 2.9.8 or 6.0, 2.09.08“Resistance to Crushing of Pharmaceutical dosage forms”. The test isintended to determine, under defined conditions, the resistance tocrushing of pharmaceutical dosage forms and particles, respectively,measured by the force needed to disrupt them by crushing. The apparatusconsists of 2 jaws facing each other, one of which moves towards theother. The flat surfaces of the jaws are perpendicular to the directionof movement. The crushing surfaces of the jaws are flat and larger thanthe zone of contact with the pharmaceutical dosage form and particle,respectively. The apparatus is calibrated using a system with aprecision of 1 Newton. The pharmaceutical dosage form and particle,respectively, is placed between the jaws, taking into account, whereapplicable, the shape, the break-mark and the inscription; for eachmeasurement the pharmaceutical dosage form and particle, respectively,is oriented in the same way with respect to the direction of applicationof the force (and the direction of extension in which the breakingstrength is to be measured). The measurement is carried out on 10pharmaceutical dosage forms and particles, respectively, taking carethat all fragments have been removed before each determination. Theresult is expressed as the mean, minimum and maximum values of theforces measured, all expressed in Newton.

A similar description of the breaking strength (breaking force) can befound in the USP. The breaking strength can alternatively be measured inaccordance with the method described therein where it is stated that thebreaking strength is the force required to cause a pharmaceutical dosageform and particle, respectively, to fail (i.e., break) in a specificplane. The pharmaceutical dosage forms and particles, respectively, aregenerally placed between two platens, one of which moves to applysufficient force to the pharmaceutical dosage form and particle,respectively, to cause fracture. For conventional, round (circularcross-section) pharmaceutical dosage forms and particles, respectively,loading occurs across their diameter (sometimes referred to as diametralloading), and fracture occurs in the plane. The breaking force ofpharmaceutical dosage forms and particles, respectively, is commonlycalled hardness in the pharmaceutical literature; however, the use ofthis term is misleading. In material science, the term hardness refersto the resistance of a surface to penetration or indentation by a smallprobe. The term crushing strength is also frequently used to describethe resistance of pharmaceutical dosage forms and particle,respectively, to the application of a compressive load. Although thisterm describes the true nature of the test more accurately than doeshardness, it implies that pharmaceutical dosage forms and particles,respectively, are actually crushed during the test, which is often notthe case.

Alternatively, the breaking strength (resistance to crushing) can bemeasured in accordance with WO 2008/107149, which can be regarded as amodification of the method described in the Eur. Ph. The apparatus usedfor the measurement is preferably a “Zwick Z 2.5” materials tester,F_(max)=2.5 kN with a maximum draw of 1150 mm, which should be set upwith one column and one spindle, a clearance behind of 100 mm and a testspeed adjustable between 0.1 and 800 mm/min together with testControlsoftware. A skilled person knows how to properly adjust the test speed,e.g. to 10 mm/min, 20 mm/min, or 40 mm/min, for example. Measurement isperformed using a pressure piston with screw-in inserts and a cylinder(diameter 10 mm), a force transducer, F_(max). 1 kN, diameter=8 mm,class 0.5 from 10 N, class 1 from 2 N to ISO 7500-1, with manufacturer'stest certificate M according to DIN 55350-18 (Zwick gross forceF_(max)=1.45 kN) (all apparatus from Zwick GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm, Germany)with Order No BTC-FR 2.5 TH. D09 for the tester, Order No BTC-LC 0050N.P01 for the force transducer, Order No BO 70000 S06 for the centringdevice.

When using the testControl software (testXpert V10.11), the followingexemplified settings and parameters have revealed to be useful:LE-position: clamping length 150 mm. LE-speed: 500 mm/min, clampinglength after pre-travel: 195 mm, pre-travel speed: 500 mm/min, nopre-force control—pre-force: pre-force 1N, pre-force speed 10mm/min—sample data: no sample form, measuring length traverse distance10 mm, no input required prior to testing—testing/end of test; testspeed: position-controlled 10 mm/min, delay speed shift: 1, force shutdown threshold 50% F_(max), no force threshold for break-tests, no maxlength variation, upper force limit: 600N—expansion compensation: nocorrection of measuring length—actions after testing: LE to be set aftertest, no unload of sample—TRS: data memory: TRS distance interval untilbreak 1 TRS time interval 0.1 s, TRS force interval 1N—machine; traversedistance controller: upper soft end 358 mm, lower soft end 192 mm—lowertest space. Parallel arrangement of the upper plate and the ambos shouldbe ensured—these parts must not touch during or after testing. Aftertesting, a small gap (e.g. 0.1 or 0.2 mm) should still be presentbetween the two brackets in intimated contact with the tested particle,representing the remaining thickness of the deformed particle.

In a preferred embodiment, the particle is regarded as being broken ifit is fractured into at least two separate pieces of comparablemorphology. Separated matter having a morphology different from that ofthe deformed particle, e.g. dust, is not considered as pieces qualifyingfor the definition of breaking.

The particles according to the invention preferably exhibit mechanicalstrength over a wide temperature range, in addition to the breakingstrength (resistance to crushing) optionally also sufficient hardness,yield strength, fatigue strength, impact resistance, impact elasticity,tensile strength, compressive strength and/or modulus of elasticity,optionally also at low temperatures (e.g. below −24° C., below −40° C.or possibly even in liquid nitrogen), for it to be virtually impossibleto pulverize by spontaneous chewing, grinding in a mortar, pounding,etc. Thus, preferably, the comparatively high breaking strength of theparticle according to the invention is maintained even at low or verylow temperatures, e.g., when the pharmaceutical dosage form is initiallychilled to increase its brittleness, for example to temperatures below−25° C., below −40° C. or even in liquid nitrogen.

The particle according to the invention is characterized by a certaindegree of breaking strength. This does not mean that the particle mustalso exhibit a certain degree of hardness. Hardness and breakingstrength are different physical properties. Therefore, thetamper-resistance of the pharmaceutical dosage form does not necessarilydepend on the hardness of the particles. For instance, due to itsbreaking strength, impact strength, elasticity modulus and tensilestrength, respectively, the particles can preferably be deformed, e.g.plastically, when exerting an external force, for example using ahammer, but cannot be pulverized, i.e., crumbled into a high number offragments. In other words, the particles according to the invention arecharacterized by a certain degree of breaking strength, but notnecessarily also by a certain degree of form stability.

Therefore, in the meaning of the specification, a particle that isdeformed when being exposed to a force in a particular direction ofextension but that does not break (plastic deformation or plastic flow)is preferably to be regarded as having the desired breaking strength insaid direction of extension.

Preferred particles present in the pharmaceutical dosage forms accordingto the invention are those having a suitable tensile strength asdetermined by a test method currently accepted in the art. Furtherpreferred particles are those having a Youngs Modulus as determined by atest method of the art. Still further preferred particles are thosehaving an acceptable elongation at break.

Irrespective of whether the particles according to the invention have anincreased breaking strength or nor, the particles according to theinvention preferably exhibit a certain degree of deformability. Theparticles contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention preferably have a deformability such that they show anincrease, preferably a substantially steady increase of the force at acorresponding decrease of the displacement in theforce-displacement-diagram when being subjected to a breaking strengthtest as described above.

This mechanical property, i.e. the deformability of the individualparticles, is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the measurement and the correspondingforce-displacement-diagram. In particular, FIG. 1A shows the initialsituation at the beginning of the measurement. The sample particle (2)is placed between upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) which each are inintimate contact with the surface of the particle (2). The initialdisplacement d₀ between upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) correspondsto the extension of the particle orthogonal to the surfaces of upper jaw(1 a) and lower jaw (1 b). At this time, no force is exerted at all andthus, no graph is displayed in the force-displacement-diagram below.When the measurement is commenced, the upper jaw is moved in directionof lower jaw (1 b), preferably at a constant speed. FIG. 1B shows asituation where due to the movement of upper jaw (1 a) towards lower jaw(1 b) a force is exerted on particle (2). Because of its deformability,the particle (2) is flattened without being fractured. Theforce-displacement-diagram indicates that after a reduction of thedisplacement d₀ of upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) by distance x₁,i.e. at a displacement of d₁=d₀−x₁, a force F₁ is measured.

FIG. 1C shows a situation where due to the continuous movement of upperjaw (1 a) towards lower jaw (1 b), the force that is exerted on particle(2) causes further deformation, although the particle (2) does notfracture. The force-displacement-diagram indicates that after areduction of the displacement d₀ of upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b)by distance x₂, i.e. at a displacement of d₂=d₀−x₂, a force F₂ ismeasured. Under these circumstances, the particle (2) has not beenbroken (fractured) and a substantially steady increase of the force inthe force-displacement-diagram is measured.

In contrast, FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the measurement and thecorresponding force-displacement-diagram of a conventional comparativeparticle not having the degree of deformability as the particlesaccording to the invention. FIG. 2A shows the initial situation at thebeginning of the measurement. The comparative sample particle (2) isplaced between upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) which each are inintimate contact with the surface of the comparative particle (2). Theinitial displacement d₀ between upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b)corresponds to the extension of the comparative particle orthogonal tothe surfaces of upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b). At this time, noforce is exerted at all and thus, no graph is displayed in theforce-displacement-diagram below. When the measurement is commenced, theupper jaw is moved in direction of lower jaw (1 b), preferably at aconstant speed. FIG. 2B shows a situation where due to the movement ofupper jaw (1 a) towards lower jaw (1 b) a force is exerted oncomparative particle (2). Because of some deformability, the comparativeparticle (2) is slightly flattened without being fractured. Theforce-displacement-diagram indicates that after a reduction of thedisplacement d₀ of upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) by distance x₁,i.e. at a displacement of d₁=d₀−x₁, a force F₁ is measured. FIG. 2Cshows a situation where due to the continuous movement of upper jaw (1a) towards lower jaw (1 b), the force that is exerted on particle (2)causes sudden fracture of the comparative particle (2). Theforce-displacement-diagram indicates that after a reduction of thedisplacement d₀ of upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) by distance x₂,i.e. at a displacement of d₂=d₀−x₂, a force F₂ is measured that suddenlydrops when the particle fractures. Under these circumstances, theparticle (2) has been broken (fractured) and no steady increase of theforce in the force-displacement-diagram is measured. The sudden drop(decrease) of the force can easily be recognized and does not need to bequantified for the measurement. The steady increase in theforce-displacement-diagram ends at displacement d₂=d₀−x₂ when theparticle breaks.

In a preferred embodiment, the particles contained in the pharmaceuticaldosage form according to the invention have a deformability such thatthey show an increase, preferably a substantially steady increase of theforce at a corresponding decrease of the displacement in theforce-displacement-diagram when being subjected to a breaking strengthtest as described above (“Zwick Z 2.5” materials tester, constantspeed), preferably at least until the displacement d of upper jaw (1 a)and lower jaw (1 b) has been reduced to a value of 90% of the originaldisplacement d₀ (i.e. d=0.9−d₀), preferably to a displacement d of 80%of the original displacement do, more preferably to a displacement d of70% of the original displacement do, still more preferably to adisplacement d of 60% of the original displacement do, yet morepreferably to a displacement d of 50% of the original displacement do,even more preferably to a displacement d of 40% of the originaldisplacement do, most preferably to a displacement d of 30% of theoriginal displacement do, and in particular to a displacement d of 20%of the original displacement do, or to a displacement d of 15% of theoriginal displacement do, to a displacement d of 10% of the originaldisplacement do, or to a displacement d of 5% of the originaldisplacement do.

In another preferred embodiment, the particles contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention have adeformability such that they show an increase, preferably asubstantially steady increase of the force at a corresponding decreaseof the displacement in the force-displacement-diagram when beingsubjected to a breaking strength test as described above (“Zwick Z 2.5”materials tester, constant speed), preferably at least until thedisplacement d of upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) has been reducedto 0.80 mm or 0.75 mm, preferably 0.70 mm or 0.65 mm, more preferably0.60 mm or 0.55 mm, still more preferably 0.50 mm or 0.45 mm, yet morepreferably 0.40 mm or 0.35 mm, even more preferably 0.30 mm or 0.25 mm,most preferably 0.20 mm or 0.15 mm and in particular 0.10 or 0.05 mm.

In still another preferred embodiment, the particles contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention have adeformability such that they show an increase, preferably asubstantially steady increase of the force at a corresponding decreaseof the displacement in the force-displacement-diagram when beingsubjected to a breaking strength test as described above (“Zwick Z 2.5”materials tester, constant speed), at least until the displacement d ofupper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) has been reduced to 50% of theoriginal displacement d₀ (i.e. d=d₀/2), whereas the force measured atsaid displacement (d=d₀/2) is at least 25 N or at least 50 N, preferablyat least 75 N or at least 100 N, still more preferably at least 150 N orat least 200 N, yet more preferably at least 250 N or at least 300 N,even more preferably at least 350 N or at least 400 N, most preferablyat least 450 N or at least 500 N, and in particular at least 625 N, orat least 750 N, or at least 875 N, or at least 1000 N, or at least 1250N, or at least 1500 N.

In another preferred embodiment, the particles contained in thepharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention have adeformability such that they show an increase, preferably asubstantially steady increase of the force at a corresponding decreaseof the displacement in the force-displacement-diagram when beingsubjected to a breaking strength test as described above (“Zwick Z 2.5”materials tester, constant speed), at least until the displacement d ofupper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) has been reduced by at least 0.1 mm,more preferably at least 0.2 mm, still more preferably at least 0.3 mm,yet more preferably at least 0.4 mm, even more preferably at least 0.5mm, most preferably at least 0.6 mm, and in particular at least 0.7 mm,whereas the force measured at said displacement is within the range offrom 5.0 N to 250 N, more preferably from 7.5 N to 225 N, still morepreferably from 10 N to 200 N, yet more preferably from 15 N to 175 N,even more preferably from 20 N to 150 N, most preferably from 25 N to125 N, and in particular from 30 N to 100 N.

In yet another embodiment, the particles contained in the pharmaceuticaldosage form according to the invention have a deformability such thatthey are deformed without being fractured when subjected to a constantforce of e.g. 50 N, 100 N, 200 N, 300 N, 400 N, 500 N or 600 N in abreaking strength test as described above (“Zwick Z 2.5” materialstester, constant force), until the displacement d of upper jaw (1 a) andlower jaw (1 b) is reduced so that no further deformation takes place atsaid constant force, whereas at this equilibrated state the displacementd of upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) is at most 90% of the originaldisplacement d₀ (i.e. d<0.9−d₀), preferably at most 80% of the originaldisplacement d₀ (i.e. d<0.8−d₀), more preferably at most 70% of theoriginal displacement d₀ (i.e. d<0.7−d₀), still more preferably at most60% of the original displacement d₀ (i.e. d<0.6−d₀), yet more preferablyat most 50% of the original displacement d₀ (i.e. d<0.5−d₀), even morepreferably at most 40% of the original displacement d₀ (i.e. d<0.4−d₀),most preferably at most 30% of the original displacement d₀ (i.e.d<0.3−d₀), and in particular at most 20% of the original displacement d₀(i.e. d<0.2−d₀), or at most 15% of the original displacement d₀ (i.e.d<0.15−d₀), at most 10% of the original displacement d₀ (i.e. d<0.1−d₀),or at most 5% of the original displacement d₀ (i.e. d<0.05−d₀).

Preferably, the particles contained in the pharmaceutical dosage formaccording to the invention have a deformability such that they aredeformed without being fractured when subjected to a constant force ofe.g. 50 N, 100 N, 200 N, 300 N, 400 N, 500 N or 600 N in a breakingstrength test as described above (“Zwick Z 2.5” materials tester,constant force), until the displacement d of upper jaw (1 a) and lowerjaw (1 b) is reduced so that no further deformation takes place at saidconstant force, whereas at this equilibrated state the displacement d ofupper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) is at most 0.80 mm or at most 0.75mm, preferably at most 0.70 mm or at most 0.65 mm, more preferably atmost 0.60 mm or at most 0.55 mm, still more preferably at most 0.50 mmor at most 0.45 mm, yet more preferably at most 0.40 mm or at most 0.35mm, even more preferably at most 0.30 mm or at most 0.25 mm, mostpreferably at most 0.20 mm or at most 0.15 mm and in particular at most0.10 or at most 0.05 mm.

In another embodiment, the particles contained in the pharmaceuticaldosage form according to the invention have a deformability such thatthey are deformed without being fractured when subjected to a constantforce of e.g. 50 N, 100 N, 200 N, 300 N, 400 N, 500 N or 600 N in abreaking strength test as described above (“Zwick Z 2.5” materialstester, constant force), until the displacement d of upper jaw (1 a) andlower jaw (1 b) is reduced so that no further deformation takes place atsaid constant force, whereas at this equilibrated state the displacementd of upper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) is at least 5% of the originaldisplacement d₀ (i.e. d>0.05−d₀), preferably at least 10% of theoriginal displacement d₀ (i.e. d>0.1−d₀), more preferably at least 15%of the original displacement d₀ (i.e. d>0.15−d₀), still more preferablyat least 20% of the original displacement d₀ (i.e. d>0.2−d₀), yet morepreferably at least 30% of the original displacement d₀ (i.e. d>0.3−d₀),even more preferably at least 40% of the original displacement d₀ (i.e.d>0.4−d₀), most preferably at least 50% of the original displacement d₀(i.e. d>0.5−d₀), and in particular at least 60% of the originaldisplacement d₀ (i.e. d>0.6−d₀), or at least 70% of the originaldisplacement d₀ (i.e. d>0.7−d₀), at least 80% of the originaldisplacement d₀ (i.e. d>0.8−d₀), or at least 90% of the originaldisplacement d₀ (i.e. d>0.9−d₀).

Preferably, the particles contained in the pharmaceutical dosage formaccording to the invention have a deformability such that they aredeformed without being fractured when subjected to a constant force ofe.g. 50 N, 100 N, 200 N, 300 N, 400 N, 500 N or 600 N in a breakingstrength test as described above (“Zwick Z 2.5” materials tester,constant force), until the displacement d of upper jaw (1 a) and lowerjaw (1 b) is reduced so that no further deformation takes place at saidconstant force, whereas at this equilibrated state the displacement d ofupper jaw (1 a) and lower jaw (1 b) is at least 0.05 mm or at least 0.10mm, preferably at least 0.15 mm or at least 0.20 mm, more preferably atleast 0.25 mm or at least 0.30 mm, still more preferably at least 0.35mm or at least 0.40 mm, yet more preferably at least 0.45 mm or at least0.50 mm, even more preferably at least 0.55 mm or at least 0.60 mm, mostpreferably at least 0.65 mm or at least 0.70 mm and in particular atleast 0.75 or at least 0.80 mm.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention provides underin vitro conditions immediate release of the pharmacologically activecompound in accordance with Ph. Eur. Preferably, the pharmaceuticaldosage form according to the invention provides an release profile suchthat under in vitro conditions in 600 ml 0.1 M HCl (pH 1) at 75 rpmafter 30 min (USP apparatus II) at least 90 wt.-% of thepharmacologically active ingredient that was originally contained in thedosage form have been released.

The term “immediate release” as applied to pharmaceutical dosage formsis understood by persons skilled in the art which has structuralimplications for the respective pharmaceutical dosage forms. The term isdefined, for example, in the current issue of the US Pharmacopoeia(USP), General Chapter 1092, “THE DISSOLUTION PROCEDURE: DEVELOPMENT ANDVALIDATION”, heading “STUDY DESIGN”, “Time Points”. Forimmediate-release dosage forms, the duration of the procedure istypically 30 to 60 minutes; in most cases, a single time pointspecification is adequate for Pharmacopeia purposes. Industrial andregulatory concepts of product comparability and performance may requireadditional time points, which may also be required for productregistration or approval. A sufficient number of time points should beselected to adequately characterize the ascending and plateau phases ofthe dissolution curve. According to the Biopharmaceutics ClassificationSystem referred to in several FDA Guidances, highly soluble, highlypermeable drugs formulated with rapidly dissolving products need not besubjected to a profile comparison if they can be shown to release 85% ormore of the active drug substance within 15 minutes. For these types ofproducts a one-point test will suffice. However, most products do notfall into this category. Dissolution profiles of immediate-releaseproducts typically show a gradual increase reaching 85% to 100% at 30 to45 minutes. Thus, dissolution time points in the range of 15, 20, 30,45, and 60 minutes are usual for most immediate-release products.

Preferably, under physiological conditions the pharmaceutical dosageform according to the invention has released after 30 minutes at least70%, more preferably at least 75%, still more preferably at least 80%,yet more preferably at least 82%, most preferably at least 84% and inparticular at least 86% of the pharmacologically active compoundoriginally contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, under physiological conditions the pharmaceutical dosageform according to the invention has released after 10 minutes at least70%, more preferably at least 73%, still more preferably at least 76%,yet more preferably at least 78%, most preferably at least 80% and inparticular at least 82% of the pharmacologically active compoundoriginally contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Further preferred release profiles B¹ to B¹⁰ are summarized in the tablehere below [all data in wt.-% of released pharmacologically activecompound]:

time B¹ B² B³ B⁴ B⁵ B⁶ B⁷ B⁸ B⁹ B¹⁰ 10 min ≥30 ≥35 ≥40 ≥45 ≥50 ≥60 ≥70≥80 ≥80 ≥80 20 min ≥50 ≥55 ≥60 ≥65 ≥70 ≥75 ≥80 ≥85 ≥90 ≥95 30 min ≥55≥60 ≥65 ≥70 ≥75 ≥85 ≥90 ≥95 ≥95 ≥95 40 min ≥60 ≥65 ≥70 ≥80 ≥85 ≥90 ≥95≥95 ≥95 ≥95 50 min ≥65 ≥70 ≥80 ≥85 ≥88 ≥92 ≥95 ≥95 ≥95 ≥95 60 min ≥75≥80 ≥85 ≥90 ≥92 ≥94 ≥95 ≥95 ≥95 ≥95

Preferably, the release profile, the drug and the pharmaceuticalexcipients of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the inventionare stable upon storage, preferably upon storage at elevatedtemperature, e.g. 40° C., for 3 months in sealed containers.

In connection with the release profile “stable” means that whencomparing the initial release profile with the release profile afterstorage, at any given time point the release profiles deviate from oneanother by not more than 20%, more preferably not more than 15%, stillmore preferably not more than 10%, yet more preferably not more than7.5%, most preferably not more than 5.0% and in particular not more than2.5%.

In connection with the drug and the pharmaceutical excipients “stable”means that the pharmaceutical dosage forms satisfy the requirements ofEMEA concerning shelf-life of pharmaceutical products.

Suitable in vitro conditions are known to the skilled artisan. In thisregard it can be referred to, e.g., the Eur. Ph. Preferably, the releaseprofile is measured under the following conditions: Paddle apparatusequipped without sinker, 50 rpm, 37±5° C., 900 mL simulated intestinalfluid pH 6.8 (phosphate buffer) or pH 4.5. In a preferred embodiment,the rotational speed of the paddle is increased to 75 rpm.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according tothe invention is adapted for administration once daily. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention is adapted for administration twice daily. In still anotherpreferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention is adapted for administration thrice daily. In yet anotherpreferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention is adapted for administration more frequently than thricedaily, for example 4 times daily, 5 times daily, 6 times daily, 7 timesdaily or 8 times daily.

For the purpose of the specification, “twice daily” means equal ornearly equal time intervals, i.e., every 12 hours, or different timeintervals, e.g., 8 and 16 hours or 10 and 14 hours, between theindividual administrations.

For the purpose of the specification, “thrice daily” means equal ornearly equal time intervals, i.e., every 8 hours, or different timeintervals, e.g., 6, 6 and 12 hours; or 7, 7 and 10 hours, between theindividual administrations.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the inventionhas under in vitro conditions a disintegration time measured inaccordance with Ph. Eur. of at most 5 minutes, more preferably at most 4minutes, still more preferably at most 3 minutes, yet more preferably atmost 2.5 minutes, most preferably at most 2 minutes and in particular atmost 1.5 minutes.

It has been surprisingly found that oral dosage forms can be designedthat provide the best compromise between tamper-resistance,disintegration time and drug release, drug load, processability(especially tablettability) and patient compliance.

Tamper-resistance and drug release antagonize each other. While smallerparticles should typically show a faster release of thepharmacologically active compound, tamper-resistance requires someminimal size of the particles in order to effectively prevent abuse,e.g. i.v. administration. The larger the particles are the less they aresuitable for being abused nasally. The smaller the particles are thefaster gel formation occurs. Thus, drug release on the one hand andtamper-resistance on the other hand can be optimized by finding the bestcompromise.

In a preferred embodiment of the pharmaceutical dosage form according tothe invention, the particles are hot melt-extruded. Thus, the particlesaccording to the invention are preferably prepared by melt-extrusion,although also other methods of thermoforming may be used in order tomanufacture the particles according to the invention such aspress-molding at elevated temperature or heating of particles that weremanufactured by conventional compression in a first step and then heatedabove the softening temperature of the polyalkylene oxide in theparticles in a second step to form hard pharmaceutical dosage forms. Inthis regards, thermoforming means the forming, or molding of a massafter the application of heat. In a preferred embodiment, the particlesare thermoformed by hot-melt extrusion.

In a preferred embodiment, the particles are prepared by hotmelt-extrusion, preferably by means of a twin-screw-extruder. Meltextrusion preferably provides a melt-extruded strand that is preferablycut into monoliths, which are then optionally compressed and formed intoparticles. Preferably, compression is achieved by means of a die and apunch, preferably from a monolithic mass obtained by melt extrusion. Ifobtained via melt extrusion, the compressing step is preferably carriedout with a monolithic mass exhibiting ambient temperature, that is, atemperature in the range from 20 to 25° C. The strands obtained by wayof extrusion can either be subjected to the compression step as such orcan be cut prior to the compression step. This cutting can be performedby usual techniques, for example using rotating knives or compressedair, at elevated temperature, e.g. when the extruded stand is still warmdue to hot-melt extrusion, or at ambient temperature, i.e. after theextruded strand has been allowed to cool down. When the extruded strandis still warm, singulation of the extruded strand into extrudedparticles is preferably performed by cutting the extruded strandimmediately after it has exited the extrusion die. It is possible tosubject the extruded strands to the compression step or to the cuttingstep when still warm, that is more or less immediately after theextrusion step. The extrusion is preferably carried out by means of atwin-screw extruder.

The particles of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to theinvention may be produced by different processes, the particularlypreferred of which are explained in greater detail below. Severalsuitable processes have already been described in the prior art. In thisregard it can be referred to, e.g., WO 2005/016313, WO 2005/016314, WO2005/063214, WO 2005/102286, WO 2006/002883, WO 2006/002884, WO2006/002886, WO 2006/082097, and WO 2006/082099.

In general, the process for the production of the particles according tothe invention preferably comprises the following steps:

-   (a) mixing all ingredients;-   (b) optionally pre-forming the mixture obtained from step (a),    preferably by applying heat and/or force to the mixture obtained    from step (a), the quantity of heat supplied preferably not being    sufficient to heat the polyalkylene oxide up to its softening point;-   (c) hardening the mixture by applying heat and force, it being    possible to supply the heat during and/or before the application of    force and the quantity of heat supplied being sufficient to heat the    polyalkylene oxide at least up to its softening point; and    thereafter allowing the material to cool and removing the force-   (d) optionally singulating the hardened mixture; and-   (e) optionally providing a film coating.

Heat may be supplied directly, e.g. by contact or by means of hot gassuch as hot air, or with the assistance of ultrasound; or is indirectlysupplied by friction and/or shear. Force may be applied and/or theparticles may be shaped for example by direct tabletting or with theassistance of a suitable extruder, particularly by means of a screwextruder equipped with one or two screws (single-screw-extruder andtwin-screw-extruder, respectively) or by means of a planetary gearextruder.

The final shape of the particles may either be provided during thehardening of the mixture by applying heat and force (step (c)) or in asubsequent step (step (e)). In both cases, the mixture of all componentsis preferably in the plastified state, i.e. preferably, shaping isperformed at a temperature at least above the softening point of thepolyalkylene oxide. However, extrusion at lower temperatures, e.g.ambient temperature, is also possible and may be preferred.

In a preferred embodiment, the mixture of ingredients is heated andsubsequently compressed under conditions (time, temperature andpressure) sufficient in order to achieve the desired mechanicalproperties, e.g. in terms of breaking strength and the like. Thistechnique may be achieved e.g. by means of a tabletting tool which iseither heated and/or which is filled with the heated mixture that issubsequently compressed without further supply of heat or withsimultaneous additional supply of heat.

In another preferred embodiment, the mixture of ingredients is heatedand simultaneously compressed under conditions (time, temperature andpressure) sufficient in order to achieve the desired mechanicalproperties, e.g. in terms of breaking strength and the like. Thistechnique may be achieved e.g. by means of an extruder with one or moreheating zones, wherein the mixture is heated and simultaneouslysubjected to extrusion forces finally resulting in a compression of theheated mixture.

In still another embodiment, the mixture of ingredients is compressedunder ambient conditions at sufficient pressure and subsequently heated(cured) under conditions (time, temperature) sufficient in order toachieve the desired mechanical properties, e.g. in terms of breakingstrength and the like. This technique may be achieved e.g. by means of acuring oven in which the compressed articles are cured for a sufficienttime at a sufficient temperature, preferably without exerting anyfurther pressure. Such process is further described e.g. in US2009/0081290.

A particularly preferred process for the manufacture of the particlesaccording to the invention involves hot-melt extrusion. In this process,the particles according to the invention are produced by thermoformingwith the assistance of an extruder, preferably without there being anyobservable consequent discoloration of the extrudate.

This process is characterized in that

-   a) all components are mixed,-   b) the resultant mixture is heated in the extruder at least up to    the softening point of the polyalkylene oxide and extruded through    the outlet orifice of the extruder by application of force,-   c) the still plastic extrudate is singulated and formed into the    particles or-   d) the cooled and optionally reheated singulated extrudate is formed    into the particles.

Mixing of the components according to process step a) may also proceedin the extruder.

The components may also be mixed in a mixer known to the person skilledin the art. The mixer may, for example, be a roll mixer, shaking mixer,shear mixer or compulsory mixer.

The, preferably molten, mixture which has been heated in the extruder atleast up to the softening point of polyalkylene oxide is extruded fromthe extruder through a die with at least one bore, preferably amultitude of bores.

The process according to the invention requires the use of suitableextruders, preferably screw extruders. Screw extruders which areequipped with two screws (twin-screw-extruders) are particularlypreferred.

Preferably, extrusion is performed in the absence of water, i.e., nowater is added. However, traces of water (e.g., caused by atmospherichumidity) may be present.

The extruder preferably comprises at least two temperature zones, withheating of the mixture at least up to the softening point of thepolyalkylene oxide proceeding in the first zone, which is downstreamfrom a feed zone and optionally mixing zone. The throughput of themixture is preferably from 1.0 kg to 15 kg/hour. In a preferredembodiment, the throughput is from 0.5 kg/hour to 3.5 kg/hour. Inanother preferred embodiment, the throughput is from 4 to 15 kg/hour.

In a preferred embodiment, the die head pressure is within the range offrom 25 to 200 bar. The die head pressure can be adjusted inter alia bydie geometry, temperature profile, extrusion speed, number of bores inthe dies, screw configuration, first feeding steps in the extruder, andthe like.

The die geometry or the geometry of the bores is freely selectable. Thedie or the bores may accordingly exhibit a round, oblong or ovalcross-section, wherein the round cross-section preferably has a diameterof 0.1 mm to 2 mm, preferably of 0.5 mm to 0.9 mm. Preferably, the dieor the bores have a round cross-section. The casing of the extruder usedaccording to the invention may be heated or cooled. The correspondingtemperature control, i.e. heating or cooling, is so arranged that themixture to be extruded exhibits at least an average temperature (producttemperature) corresponding to the softening temperature of thepolyalkylene oxide and does not rise above a temperature at which thepharmacologically active compound to be processed may be damaged.Preferably, the temperature of the mixture to be extruded is adjusted tobelow 180° C., preferably below 150° C., but at least to the softeningtemperature of polyalkylene oxide. Typical extrusion temperatures are120° C. and 150° C.

In a preferred embodiment, the extruder torque is within the range offrom 30 to 95%. Extruder torque can be adjusted inter alia by diegeometry, temperature profile, extrusion speed, number of bores in thedies, screw configuration, first feeding steps in the extruder, and thelike.

After extrusion of the molten mixture and optional cooling of theextruded strand or extruded strands, the extrudates are preferablysingulated. This singulation may preferably be performed by cutting upthe extrudates by means of revolving or rotating knives, wires, bladesor with the assistance of laser cutters.

Preferably, intermediate or final storage of the optionally singulatedextrudate or the final shape of the particles according to the inventionis performed under oxygen-free atmosphere which may be achieved, e.g.,by means of oxygen-scavengers.

The singulated extrudate may be press-formed into particles in order toimpart the final shape to the particles.

The application of force in the extruder onto the at least plasticizedmixture is adjusted by controlling the rotational speed of the conveyingdevice in the extruder and the geometry thereof and by dimensioning theoutlet orifice in such a manner that the pressure necessary forextruding the plasticized mixture is built up in the extruder,preferably immediately prior to extrusion. The extrusion parameterswhich, for each particular composition, are necessary to give rise to apharmaceutical dosage form with desired mechanical properties, may beestablished by simple preliminary testing.

For example but not limiting, extrusion may be performed by means of atwin-screw-extruder type ZSE 18 or ZSE27 (Leistritz, Nurnberg, Germany),screw diameters of 18 or 27 mm. Screws having eccentric or blunt endsmay be used. A heatable die with a round bore or with a multitude ofbores each having a diameter of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9or 1.0 mm may be used. For a twin-screw-extruder type ZSE 18, theextrusion parameters may be adjusted e.g. to the following values:rotational speed of the screws: 120 Upm; delivery rate 2 kg/h for a ZSE18 or 5 kg/h, 10 kg/h, or even 20 kg/h and more for a ZSE27; producttemperature: in front of die 125° C. and behind die 135° C.; and jackettemperature: 110° C. The throughput can generally be increased byincreasing the number of dies at the extruder outlet.

Preferably, extrusion is performed by means of twin-screw-extruders orplanetary-gear-extruders, twin-screw extruders (co-rotating orcontra-rotating) being particularly preferred.

The particles according to the invention are preferably produced bythermoforming with the assistance of an extruder without any observableconsequent discoloration of the extrudates. The particles may beproduced e.g. by means of a Micro Pelletizer (Leistritz, Nurnberg,Germany).

The process for the preparation of the particles according to theinvention is preferably performed continuously. Preferably, the processinvolves the extrusion of a homogeneous mixture of all components. It isparticularly advantageous if the thus obtained intermediate, e.g. thestrand obtained by extrusion, exhibits uniform properties. Particularlydesirable are uniform density, uniform distribution of the activecompound, uniform mechanical properties, uniform porosity, uniformappearance of the surface, etc. Only under these circumstances theuniformity of the pharmacological properties, such as the stability ofthe release profile, may be ensured and the amount of rejects can bekept low.

Preferably, the particles according to the invention can be regarded as“extruded pellets”. The term “extruded pellets” has structuralimplications which are understood by persons skilled in the art. Aperson skilled in the art knows that pelletized dosage forms can beprepared by a number of techniques, including:

-   -   drug layering on nonpareil sugar or microcrystalline cellulose        beads,    -   spray drying,    -   spray congealing,    -   rotogranulation,    -   hot-melt extrusion,    -   spheronization of low melting materials, or    -   extrusion-spheronization of a wet mass.

Accordingly, “extruded pellets” can be obtained either by hot-meltextrusion or by extrusion-spheronization.

“Extruded pellets” can be distinguished from other types of pellets, asextruded pellets typically have a different shape. The shape of theextruded pellets is typically more cut-rod-like than perfectly globatedround.

“Extruded pellets” can be distinguished from other types of pelletsbecause they are structurally different. For example, drug layering onnonpareils yields multilayered pellets having a core, whereas extrusiontypically yields a monolithic mass comprising a homogeneous mixture ofall ingredients. Similarly, spray drying and spray congealing typicallyyield spheres, whereas extrusion typically yields cylindrical extrudateswhich can be subsequently spheronized.

The structural differences between “extruded pellets” and “agglomeratedpellets” are significant because they may affect the release of activesubstances from the pellets and consequently result in differentpharmacological profiles. Therefore, a person skilled in thepharmaceutical formulation art would not consider “extruded pellets” tobe equivalent to “agglomerated pellets”.

The pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention may beprepared by any conventional method. Preferably, however, thepharmaceutical dosage forms are prepared by compression. Thus, particlesas hereinbefore defined are preferably mixed, e.g. blended and/orgranulated (e.g. wet granulated), with matrix material and the resultingmix (e.g. blend or granulate) is then compressed, preferably in moulds,to form pharmaceutical dosage forms. It is also envisaged that theparticles herein described may be incorporated into a matrix using otherprocesses, such as by melt granulation (e.g. using fatty alcohols and/orwater-soluble waxes and/or water-insoluble waxes) or high sheargranulation, followed by compression.

When the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention aremanufactured by means of an eccentric press, the compression force ispreferably within the range of from 5 to 15 kN. When the pharmaceuticaldosage forms according to the invention are manufactured by means of arotating press, the compression force is preferably within the range offrom 5 to 40 kN, in certain embodiments >25 kN, in other embodiments 13kN.

The pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention mayoptionally comprise a coating, e.g. a cosmetic coating. The coating ispreferably applied after formation of the pharmaceutical dosage form.The coating may be applied prior to or after the curing process.Preferred coatings are Opadry® coatings available from Colorcon. Otherpreferred coating are Opaglos® coatings, also commercially availablefrom Colorcon.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention ischaracterized by excellent storage stability. Preferably, after storagefor 6 months, 3 months, 2 months, or 4 weeks at 40° C. and 75% rel.humidity, the content of pharmacologically active compound amounts to atleast 98.0%, more preferably at least 98.5%, still more preferably atleast 99.0%, yet more preferably at least 99.2%, most preferably atleast 99.4% and in particular at least 99.6%, of its original contentbefore storage. Suitable methods for measuring the content of thepharmacologically active compound in the pharmaceutical dosage form areknown to the skilled artisan. In this regard it is referred to the Eur.Ph. or the USP, especially to reversed phase HPLC analysis. Preferably,the pharmaceutical dosage form is stored in closed, preferably sealedcontainers.

The particles and pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the inventionmay be used in medicine, e.g. as an analgesic. The particles andpharmaceutical dosage forms are therefore particularly suitable for thetreatment or management of pain. In such pharmaceutical dosage forms,the pharmacologically active compound is preferably an analgesic.

A further aspect according to the invention relates to thepharmaceutical dosage form as described above for use in the treatmentof pain.

A further aspect according to the invention relates to the use of apharmaceutical dosage form as described above for avoiding or hinderingthe abuse of the pharmacologically active compound contained therein.

A further aspect according to the invention relates to the use of apharmaceutical dosage form as described above for avoiding or hinderingthe unintentional overdose of the pharmacologically active compoundcontained therein.

In this regard, the invention also relates to the use of apharmacologically active compound as described above and/or apolyalkylene oxide as described above for the manufacture of thepharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention for theprophylaxis and/or the treatment of a disorder, thereby preventing anoverdose of the pharmacologically active compound, particularly due tocomminution of the pharmaceutical dosage form by mechanical action.

The following examples further illustrate the invention but are not tobe construed as limiting its scope.

General Operation Procedures

Powder mixtures of various ingredients were manufactured by weighing (10kg balance), sieving (1.0 mm hand sieve) and blending. The thus obtainedpowder mixtures were then hot-melt extruded (twin-screw extruder,Leistritz ZSE 18, blunt ends of kneading elements, and extrusiondiameter of 8×0.8 mm). The extrudates were pelletized (LMP) and thenanalyzed.

In vitro dissolution was tested in accordance with USP (apparatus II),in 600 ml 0.1 M HCl (pH 1) at 75 rpm (n=3).

Resistance against solvent extraction was tested by dispensing particlesin 5 ml of boiling water. After boiling for 5 minutes the liquid wasdrawn up into a syringe (needle 21G equipped with a cigarette filter),and the amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient contained inthe liquid within the syringe was determined via HPLC.

The test was performed on the extrudates as such but not on capsules ortablets containing such extrudates, as this test more relevant withrespect to drug abuse. The other constituents of dosage forms (e.g.capsules or tablets) typically make it even more difficult for theabuser to tamper with the dosage form, e.g. by blocking the filters ofsyringes and the like. Thus, in the course of tampering, abusersfrequently initially separate the drug containing subunits of dosageforms (here extrudates) from the remainder of the dosage forms in orderto facilitate subsequent abuse, e.g. by extraction. Accordingly, it ismore significant to evaluate tamper resistance of the extrudates insteadof the overall dosage forms.

EXAMPLE 1—OXYCODONE

Powder mixtures of the following ingredients were manufactured andsubsequently hot-melt extruded under the following extrusion conditions:

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 per dosis mg/wt.-% mg/wt.-% mg/wt.-% mg/wt.-%mg/wt.-% Oxycodone HCl 10.00/5.56  10.00/5.56  10.00/5.56  10.00/5.56 10.00/5.56  Citric acid 1.44/0.80 1.44/0.80 1.44/0.80 1.44/0.801.44/0.80 Macrogol 6000 25.20/14.00 25.20/14.00 25.20/14.00 25.20/14.0025.20/14.00 □-Tocopherol 0.36/0.20 0.36/0.20 0.36/0.20 0.36/0.200.36/0.20 Xanthan Gum Type 602 9.00/5.00 9.00/5.00 9.00/5.00 9.00/5.009.00/5.00 Polyethylene oxide 98.00/54.44 98.00/54.44 98.00/54.4498.00/54.44 95.22/52.20 7 Mio. Sodium bicarbonate — — — — 2.78/1.54Sodium starch 36.00/20.00 — — — — glycolate Croscarmellose — 36.00/20.00— — — sodium Starch 1500 — — 36.00/20.00 — — Maize starch — — —36.00/20.00 — Carbomer Carbopol — — — — 36.00/20.00 71G □ 180.00/100.00180.00/100.00 180.00/100.00 180.00/100.00 180.00/100.00 Speed screw[rpm] 100 100 100 100 120 Feed rate [g/min] 16.66 16.66 16.66 16.6616.66 Melt pressure [bar] 119 141 136 135 116 melt temperature 140 143142 143 145 discharge [° C.]

The in vitro dissolution test revealed the following release profiles:

Dissolution Oxycodone % 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 after 5 min 70 74 66 78 58after 15 min 88 91 88 94 83 after 30 min 94 94 95 100 92 after 60 min 9696 97 102 96

The test for tamper-resistance provided the following results (where alltested pellets remained intact after the breaking strength tester hadreached its upper force limit):

test battery 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1 0.00* 1.34 0.00* 22.40 0.00* 2 0.00*3.07 20.20 30.32 0.00* 3 0.00* 1.26 6.03 18.67 0.00* mean [%] 0.00* 1.898.74 28.80 0.00* SD [%] 0.00* 1.02 10.37 5.95 0.00* *not tested, sampletoo jelly and could not be drawn into syringe

It becomes clear from the above experimental data that as far astamper-resistant dosage forms providing immediate release are concerned,the tested disintegrants provide different performance. Under the givenexperimental conditions, cellulose derivatives (e.g. croscarmellosesodium) provided the best performance, followed by starch derivatives(e.g. sodium starch glycolate) and gas releasing substances (here sodiumbicarbonate), followed by pregelatinized starch (e.g. starch 1500) andstandard starch (e.g. native maize starch).

EXAMPLE 2—HYDROCODONE

Powder mixtures of the following ingredients were manufactured andsubsequently hot-melt extruded under the following extrusion conditions:

2-1 2-2 per dosis mg/wt.-% mg/wt.-% Hydrocodone bitartrate 10.00/5.56 10.00/5.56  Citric acid 1.44/0.80 1.44/0.80 Macrogol 6000 25.20/14.0025.20/14.00 □-Tocopherol 0.36/0.20 0.36/0.20 Xanthan Gum Type 6029.00/5.00 9.00/5.00 Polyethylene oxide 7 Mio. 98.00/54.44 98.00/54.44Carboxymethyl starch 36.00/20.00 — Croscarmellose sodium — 36.00/20.00 □180.00/100.00 180.00/100.00 Speed screw |rpm] 100 100 Feed rate [g/min]16.66 16.66 Melt pressure [bar] 132 157 melt temperature 143 143discharge [° C.]

The in vitro dissolution test revealed the following release profiles:

Dissolution Hydrocodone % 2-1 2-2 after 5 min 73 81 after 15 min 87 98after 30 min 92 102 after 60 min 94 104

The test for tamper-resistance provided the following results (where alltested pellets remained intact after the breaking strength tester hadreached its upper force limit):

test battery 2-1 2-2 1 8.79 0.00* 2 4.75 1.09 3 2.78 1.70 mean [%] 5.440.93 SD [%] 3.06 0.86 *not tested, sample too jelly and could not bedrawn into syringe

EXAMPLE 3—HYDROMORPHONE

Powder mixtures of the following ingredients were manufactured andsubsequently hot-melt extruded under the following extrusion conditions:

3-1 3-2 per dosis mg/wt.-% mg/wt.-% Hydromorphone HC1 8.00/5.338.00/5.33 Citric acid 1.20/0.80 1.20/0.80 Macrogol 6000 15.00/10.0015.00/10.00 □-Tocopherol 0.30/0.20 0.30/0.20 Xanthan Gum Type 6027.50/5.00 7.50/5.00 Polyethylene oxide 7 Mio. 88.00/58.67 88.00/58.67Carboxymethyl starch 30.00/20.00 — Croscarmellose sodium — 36.00/20.00 □150.00/100.00 150.00/100.00 Speed screw |rpm] 100 100 Feed rate [g/min]16.66 16.66 Melt pressure [bar] 94 159 melt temperature 146 145discharge [° C.]

The in vitro dissolution test revealed the following release profiles:

Dissolution Hydromorphone % 3-1 3-2 after 5 min 51 43 after 15 min 81 78after 30 min 91 91 after 60 min 93 94

The test for tamper-resistance provided the following results (where alltested pellets remained intact after the breaking strength tester hadreached its upper force limit):

test battery 3-1 3-2 1 22.89 12.25 2 18.18 4.47 3 0.00* 3.10 mean [%]13.69 6.61 SD [%] 12.09 4.94 *not tested, sample too jelly and could notbe drawn into syringe

EXAMPLE 4—MORPHINE

Powder mixtures of the following ingredients were manufactures andsubsequently hot-melt extruded under the following extrusion conditions:

4-1 4-2 per dosis mg/wt.-% mg/wt.-% Morphine sulfate•5 H₂O 10.00/5.56 10.00/5.56  Citric acid 1.44/0.80 1.44/0.80 Macrogol 6000 25.20/14.0025.20/14.00 □-Tocopherol 0.36/0.20 0.36/0.20 Xanthan Gum Type 6029.00/5.00 9.00/5.00 Polyethylene oxide 7 Mio. 98.00/54.44 98.00/54.44Carboxymethyl starch 36.00/20.00 — Croscarmellose sodium — 36.00/20.00 □180.00/100.00 180.00/100.00 Speed screw [rpm] 100 * Feed rate [g/min]   16.66 Melt pressure [bar] 181 melt temperature 143 discharge [° C.] *could not be extruded under the given conditions; stronger equipment orhigher temperatures needed

The in vitro dissolution test revealed the following release profile:

Dissolution Morphine sulfate % 4-1 after 5 min 58 after 15 min 83 after30 min 90 after 60 min 91

The test for tamper-resistance provided the following results (where alltested pellets remained intact after the breaking strength tester hadreached its upper force limit):

test battery 4-1 1 0.00* 2 0.00* 3 0.00* mean [%] 0.00* SD [%] 0.00**not tested, sample too jelly and could not be drawn into syringe

EXAMPLE 5—AMPHETAMINE SULFATE

Powder mixtures of the following ingredients were manufactured andsubsequently hot-melt extruded under the following extrusion conditions:

5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 per dosis mg/wt.-% mg/wt.-% mg/wt.-% mg/wt.-%Amphetamine sulfate 30.00/12.00 30.00/12.00 30.00/12.00 30.00/12.00Citric acid 2.00/0.80 2.00/0.80 — — PEG 6000 35.00/14.00 35.00/14.0032.60/13.00 32.60/13.00 □-Tocopherol 0.50/0.20 0.50/0.20 0.50/0.200.50/0.20 Xanthan Gum Type 602 — 12.50/5.00  — — Polyethylene oxide 7Mio. 182.50/73.00  120.00/48.00  136.90/54.70 136.90/54.70  Sodiumhydrogen carbonate — — — — Croscarmellose sodium —   50/20.0050.00/20.00 — Starch 1500 — — — — Carboxymethyl starch — — — 50.00/20.00PVP-CL — — — — □  250.00/100.00  250.00/100.00  250.0/100.00 250.0/100.00 Speed screw [rpm] 100 100 100 100 Extruder Load [%] 75.0075.00 75.00 75.00 Melt pressure [bar] 1 1 1 1 melt temperature 145 145145 145 discharge [° C.] 5-5 5-6 5-7 per dosis mg/wt.-% mg/wt.-%mg/wt.-% Amphetamine sulfate 30.00/12.00 30.00/12.00 30.00/12.00 Citricacid — — — PEG 6000 32.60/13.00 32.60/13.00 32.60/13.04 □-Tocopherol0.50/0.20 0.50/0.20 0.50/0.20 Xanthan Gum Type 602 — — — Polyethylene136.90/54.70  136.90/54.70  136.90/54.76  oxide 7 Mio. Sodium hydrogen —50.00/20.00 — carbonate Croscarmellose sodium — — — Starch 150050.00/20.00 — — Carboxymethyl starch — — — PVP-CL — — 50.00/20.00 □ 250.0/100.00  250.0/100.00  250.00/100.00 Speed screw [rpm] 100 100 100Extruder Load [%] 75.00 75.00 75.00 Melt pressure [bar] 1 1 1 melttemperature 145 145 145 discharge [° C.]

The in vitro dissolution test revealed the following release profiles:

Dissolution Amphetamine sulfate % 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 after 5min 67 61 51 48 62 45 63 after 15 min 90 90 85 81 83 70 87 after 30 min96 97 94 93 94 80 93 after 60 min 98 99 97 97 98 84 96

The test for tamper-resistance provided the following results (where alltested pellets remained intact after the breaking strength tester hadreached its upper force limit):

test battery 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 1 38.41 32.54 6.11 11.31 4.578.23 44.80 2 28.83 33.63 11.43 8.18 0.00* 8.61 51.17 3 23.67 12.16 14.565.20 0.00* 12.77 50.96 mean [%] 30.30 26.11 10.70 8.23 0.00* 9.87 48.98SD [%] 7.48 12.09 4.27 3.06 0.00* 2.52 3.62 *not tested, sample toojelly and could not be drawn into syringe

It becomes clear from the above experimental data that as far astamper-resistant dosage forms providing immediate release are concerned,the tested disintegrants provide an improved resistance against solventextraction. Croscarmellose sodium (5-2, 5-3), carboxymethyl starch(5-4), starch 1500 (5-5) and sodium hydrogen carbonate provided the bestresults, whereas PVP-CL (5-7) did not show an advantage over thecomparative composition (5-1).

EXAMPLE 6—GELLING AGENT AND DISINTEGRANT

The influence of the presence and absence of gelling agent as well asthe influence of the presence and absence of disintegrant wasinvestigated in analogy to Examples 1 to 5. The following compositions Ato F were each prepared for Oxycodone, Hydrocodone, Morphine sulfate andHydromorphone, respectively:

6-A 6-B 6-C 6-D 6-E 6-F Substance mg wt.-% mg wt.-% mg wt.-% mg wt.-% mgwt.-% mg wt.-% API¹ 10.00 5.56 10.00 5.56 10.00 5.56 10.00 5.56 10.005.56 10.00 5.56 Citric acid 1.44 0.80 1.44 0.80 1.44 0.80 1.44 0.80 1.440.80 1.44 0.80 PEG 25.20 14.00 25.20 14.00 25.20 14.00 25.20 14.00 25.2014.00 25.20 14.00 α-Toc. 0.36 0.20 0.36 0.20 0.36 0.20 0.36 0.20 0.360.20 0.36 0.20 PEO 143.0 79.44 107.0 59.44 107.0 59.44 134.0 74.44 98.0054.44 98.00 54.44 Carbopol — — 36.00 20.00 27.00 15.00 — — — — Xanthan —— — — 9.00 5.00 9.00 5.00 9.00 5.00 9.00 5.00 Carb.MS — — — — — — — —36.00 20.00 — — CrosCS — — — — — — — — — — 36.00 20.00 □ 180 100 180 100180 100 180 100 180 100 180 100 ¹The compositions A to F containingHydromorphone as API were modified in that they contained 8.00 mgHydromorphone only. The difference of 2.00 mg was replaced by thecorresponding amount of PEO API = pharmacologically active ingredient;PEG = Polyethylene glycol 6000; α-Toc. = α-Tocopherole; PEO =polyethylene oxide 7 Mio; Carbopol = Carbopol 71G; Xanthan = Xanthangum; Carb.MS = Carboxy methyl starch; CrosCS = Croscarmellose sodium

In vitro release as well as resistance against solvent extraction weredetermined in accordance with the invention. The results for thedifferent pharmacologically active ingredients are shown in the tablehere below:

Oxycodone Hydrocodone Morphine sulfate Hydromorphone Formulationextract. diss. extract. diss. extract. diss. extract. diss. 6-A 50% 73%40%  87% 34%  87% 49% 84% 6-B 40% 90% 0% 91% 9% 83% 29% 87% 6-C 28% 90%0% 95% 3% 82% 26% 89% 6-D 12% 91% 32%  75% 14%  88% 33% 91% 6-E  0% 94%5% 92% 0% 90% 14% 91% 6-F  2% 94% 1% 103%  — —  7% 91% extract. =extracted in solvent; diss = dissolution after 30 minutes

It becomes clear from the above comparative data that the disintegrantsin inventive formulations E and F in accordance with the presentinvention provide best performance with respect to immediate drugrelease and resistance against solvent extraction for all testedpharmacologically active ingredients, whereas the comparativeformulations A, B, C and D only provided partial effects for some of thetested pharmacologically active ingredients.

EXAMPLE 7—QUANTITY OF DISINTEGRANT PART I

The influence of the content of disintegrant was investigated in analogyto Examples 1 to 6. Compositions 7-1 to 7-3 were prepared and in vitrodissolution as well as resistance against solvent extraction weredetermined.

Substance 7-1 7-2 7-3 per dose mg wt.-% mg wt.-% mg wt.-% Oxycodone HCl10.00 5.56 10.00 5.56 10.00 5.56 Citric acid 1.44 0.80 1.44 0.80 1.440.80 PEG 6000 27.51 15.28 25.20 14.00 27.51 15.28 α-Tocopherol 0.36 0.200.36 0.20 0.36 0.20 Xanthan Gum 9.00 5.00 9.00 5.00 9.00 5.00 Type 602PEO 7 Mio. 104.69 58.16 98.00 54.44 91.31 50.73 Sodium starch 27.0015.00 36.00 20.00 45.00 25.00 glycolate 180.00 100.00 180.00 100.00180.00 100.00 Dissolution (n = 3):  0 0.00 0.00 0.00  5 64.46 69.7362.04 15 78.42 87.57 81.83 30 91.24 94.44 91.76 60 94.82 96.49 95.12extraction without milling: mean [%] 10.10 0.00* 16.37 SD [%] 4.67 0.00*12.67 *not tested, sample too jelly and could not be drawn into syringe

It becomes clear from the above comparative data that under the givenconditions the best results could be achieved at a content of 20 wt.-%disintegrant (here sodium starch glycolate).

EXAMPLE 8—QUANTITY OF DISINTEGRANT PART II

The influence of the content of disintegrant was investigated in analogyto Examples 1 to 7. Compositions 8-1 to 8-4 were prepared and in vitrodissolution as well as resistance against solvent extraction weredetermined.

8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 per dose mg wt.-% mg wt.-% mg wt.-% mg wt.-% Amphetaminesulfate 30.00 13.95 30.00 16.67 30.00 13.95 30.00 16.67 PEG 6000 27.2012.65 21.85 12.14 27.20 12.65 21.85 12.14 □-Tocopherol 0.43 0.20 0.360.20 0.43 0.20 0.36 0.20 Polyethylene oxide 7 114.37 53.20 91.79 50.99114.37 53.20 91.79 50.99 Mio. Croscarmellose sodium 43.00 20.00 36.0020.00 Starch 1500 43.00 20.00 36.00 20.00 □ 215.00 100.00 180.00 100.00215.00 100.00 180.00 100.00 Speed screw [rpm] 100 100 100 100 ExtruderLoad [%] 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 Melt pressure [bar] 1 1 1 1 melttemperature 145 145 145 145 discharge [° C.]

The in vitro dissolution test revealed the following release profiles:

Dissolution Amphetamine sulfate % 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 after 5 min 60 74 7578 after 15 min 91 94 82 81 after 30 min 97 99 84 87 after 60 min 97 9985 88

The test for tamper-resistance provided the following results (where alltested pellets remained intact after the breaking strength tester hadreached its upper force limit):

test battery 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 1 7.92 17.51 0.00* 6.42 2 7.74 12.79 0.00*3.66 3 8.49 16.85 0.00* 1.83 mean [%] 8.05 15.72 0.00* 3.97 SD [%] 0.392.56 0.00* 2.31 *not tested, sample too jelly and could not be drawninto syringe

It becomes clear from the above comparative data that under the givenconditions lower contents of disintegrant provide an improved resistanceagainst solvent extraction.

EXAMPLE 9—TABLETS CONTAINING PELLETS 8-1 AND 8-4

Tablets containing pellets 8-1 and 8-4 were prepared:

per tablet per tablet [mg] [mg] Excipients [%] Form 215.00 30.00Amfetamine Sulfate 30.71 Pellets 114.37 Polyethylenoxid 7 Mio. 27.20Macrogol 6000 0.43 Alpha-Tocopherol 43.00 Croscarmellose Sodium 485.00Microcrystalline Cellulose 69.29 Powder Crospovidone MixMagnesiumstearate Ph.Eur. 700.0 700.0 — 100.00 —

per tablet per tablet [mg] [mg] Excipients [%] Form 180 30.00 AmfetamineSulfate 25.71 Pellets 91.79 Polyethylenoxid 7 Mio. 21.85 Macrogol 60000.36 Alpha-Tocopherol 36.0 Starch 1500 520.00 Microcrystalline Cellulose74.29 Powder Crospovidone Mix Magnesiumstearate Ph.Eur. 700.0 700.0 —100.00 —

The test for tamper-resistance of pulverized pellets and pulverizedtablets provided the following results:

test Tablet containing Tablet containing battery pellets 8-1 pellets 8-41 2.27 0.00* 2 2.48 0.00* 3 0.00* 0.00* mean [%] 0.00* 0.00* SD [%]0.00* 0.00* *not tested, sample too jelly and could not be drawn intosyringe

It becomes clear from the above comparative data that under the givenconditions tablets containing pellets provide an improved resistanceagainst solvent extraction compared to pellets alone.

EXAMPLE 10—OXYCODONE PELLETS AND TABLETS CONTAINING OXYCODONE PELLETS

Powder mixtures of the following ingredients were manufactured andsubsequently hot-melt extruded:

10-1 per dosis mg/wt.-% Oxycodone HCl 30.00/12.00 Citric acid 1.25/0.50□-Tocopherol 0.50/0.20 Polyethylene oxide 7 Mio. 133.25/53.30  Macrogol6000 35.00/14.00 Carbopol 71G 50.00/20.00 □ 250.00/100.00

Tablets containing oxycodone pellets were prepared:

per tablet Excipients [mg]/ [wt.-%] Oxycodone pellets 250.00 50.00Avicel PH101/PVP-CL 250.00 50.00 Aerosil 200 Mg stearate □ 500.00 100.00

The test for tamper-resistance of intact tablets and intact pelletsprovided the following results:

test Oxycodone Tablet containing battery pellets oxycodone pellets 147.10 30.90 2 46.82 27.97 3 39.68 27.23 mean [%] 44.53 28.70

It becomes clear from the above comparative data that under the givenconditions tablets containing pellets provide an improved resistanceagainst solvent extraction compared to pellets alone.

EXAMPLE 11—AMPHETAMINE PELLETS AND CAPSULES CONTAINING AMPHETAMINEPELLETS

a) Capsules containing pellets 8-1 and 8-4 were prepared.

Amount per Phase capsule Amount [mg] Component [mg] [%] PelletsAmphetamine sulfate 30.00 54.43 215.00 Polyethylene oxide 114.37 7000000Macrogol 6000 27.20 Alpha Tocopherol 0.43 Croscarmellose sodium 43.00(Vivasol ®) Powder blend Mannitol (Partek M200 ®) 180.00 45.57 180.00Colloidal silicon dioxide Sum 395.00 mg 100.00

Amount per Phase capsule Amount [mg] Component [mg] [%] PelletsAmphetamine sulfate 30.00 50.00 180.00 Polyethylene oxide 91.79 7000000Macrogol 6000 21.85 Alpha Tocopherol 0.36 Pre-gelatinized maize starch36.00 (Starch 1500) Powder blend Mannitol (Partek M200 ®) 180.00 50.00180.00 Colloidal silicon dioxide Sum 360.00 mg 100.00

The mixtures were filled in capsules of size 0.

b) Pellets 8-4 were coated with a protective coating (Opadry clear) bymeans of a fluid-bed granulation process and the thus coated pelletswere filled in capsules without additional constituents.

Amount per Phase capsule Amount [mg] Component [mg] [%] PelletsAmphetamine sulfate 30.00 100.00 193.90 Polyethylene oxide 91.79 7000000Macrogol 6000 21.85 Alpha Tocopherol 0.36 Pre-gelatinized maize starch36.00 (Starch 1500) Opadry II clear 13.90 Sum 193.90 mg 100.00

The coated pellets were filled in capsules of size 0.

The in vitro release profiles of all three capsules is shown in FIG. 4.

1. A tamper resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprising a multitude of particles each of which particles comprises an extruded mixture of a pharmacologically active compound, a polyalkylene oxide, and a disintegrant; wherein the pharmacologically active compound is selected from the group consisting of amphetamine, dexamphetamine and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof; wherein the content of the disintegrant is about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. % based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of the particles; wherein the content of the polyalkylene oxide is about 35 wt. % to about 65 wt. % based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of the particles; wherein the dosage form provides under in vitro conditions immediate release of the pharmacologically active compound in accordance with Ph. Eur.; wherein the particles exhibit a breaking strength of at least 500 N; and wherein the particles exhibit an increased resistance against solvent extraction compared to particles that are otherwise identical but for the lack of a disintegrant.
 2. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, which has a breaking strength of at least 300 N.
 3. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, which exhibits resistance against solvent extraction such that when (i) dispensing the pharmaceutical dosage form that is either intact or has been manually comminuted by means of two spoons in 5 ml of purified water, (ii) heating the liquid up to its boiling point, (iii) boiling the liquid in a covered vessel for 5 mm without the addition of further purified water, (iv) drawing up the hot liquid into a syringe, and (v) determining the amount of the pharmacologically active compound contained in the liquid within the syringe, the liquid part of the formulation that can be separated from the remainder by means of the syringe is not more than 10 wt.-% of the pharmacologically active compound originally contained in the dosage form.
 4. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the disintegrant is selected from the group consisting of polysaccharides, starches, starch derivatives, cellulose derivatives, acrylates, polyvinylpyrrolidones, gas releasing substances, proteins and protein derivatives.
 5. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 4, wherein the disintegrant is or comprises a starch; and/or the starch is standard starch or pregelatinized starch.
 6. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 4, wherein the disintegrant is or comprises a starch derivative; and/or the starch derivative is sodium starch glycolate or sodium carboxymethyl starch.
 7. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 4, wherein the disintegrant is or comprises a cellulose derivative; and/or the cellulose derivative is croscarmellose sodium.
 8. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 4, wherein the disintegrant is or comprises an acrylate; and/or the acrylate is carbopol.
 9. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 4, wherein the disintegrant is or comprises a gas releasing substance; and/or the gas releasing substance is sodium bicarbonate.
 10. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the content of the disintegrant is at least 10 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the particles; or the content of the disintegrant is within the range of 15±5.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the particles; or the content of the disintegrant is within the range of 20±5.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the particles; or the content of the disintegrant is within the range of 25±5.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the particles.
 11. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the polyalkylene oxide has a weight average molecular weight of at least 500,000 g/mol; or the content of the polyalkylene oxide is at least 40 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the particles; or the content of the polyalkylene oxide is at least 45 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the particles.
 12. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the relative weight ratio of the polyalkylene oxide to the disintegrant is within the range of 5:1 to 1:2.
 13. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the relative weight ratio of the pharmacologically active ingredient to the disintegrant is within the range of 2:1 to 1:8.
 14. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, which provides a release profile such that under in vitro conditions in 600 ml 0.1 M HCl (pH 1) at 75 rpm after 30 min at least 90 wt.-% of the pharmacologically active ingredient that was originally contained in the dosage form have been released.
 15. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, which additionally comprises a gelling agent.
 16. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the particles are film coated.
 17. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 16, wherein the film coating is water-soluble.
 18. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 16, wherein the film coating is based on polyvinyl alcohol or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.
 19. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 16, wherein the particles additionally comprises citric acid.
 20. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 19, the content of citric acid is about 0.1 wt. % to about 1.0 wt. %, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form and/or based on the total weight of the particles.
 21. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, which is a tablet or capsule.
 22. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the particles are hot melt-extruded. 